Mlengi wa yosindikiza Johannes Gutenberg: yonena

The German Johannes Gutenberg, amene mbiri limafotokoza nkhani imeneyi, anali akuthandiza kwambiri pa kuzungulira dziko. Kutulukira ake anatembenuka kalekale.

Makolo a Ioganna Gutenberga

Popeza zatsopano wotchuka ndinabadwa ndipo anakhalako chakhumi ndi chisanu, zambiri za izo anakhalabe ochepa. M'masiku amenewo yokhayo otchuka andale ndi achipembedzo kanjedza amaitcha kuti analowa mu zinthu zopelekedwa. Komabe, Johann mwayi. M'nthawi anali imawunikidwa ntchito yake, zambiri za izo opezeka mu mafotokozedwe osiyana mbiri ya nthawi.

Amadziwika kuti Johann Gutenberg anabadwa mu banja lolemera Gensfleysha Friel ndi Elzy Virih. Izi zinachitika pafupi chaka 1400.

Makolo ake tinakwatirana mu 1386. mayi ake anabwera kuchokera suknotorgovtsev banja, kotero ukwati wawo ankaona wosiyana. Mu mzinda kwa zaka mkangano pakati pa patricians ndi (chapamwamba strata wa anthuŵa, bambo wa banja) ndi masitolo (osema, banja mayi). Pamene nkhondoyo anali kulimbikitsa ku Mainz, banja anachoka, kuti tisakhale ana.

Mu Mainz, banja la chuma akuyitana pa dzina Gensfleysh atate, ndi m'bwalo Gutenberghof.

Mwina zatsopano wakhala knighthood, ngakhale chiyambi cha mayi ake ndi ntchito zake kuti zikutsutsana. Komabe, pali malangizo, yolembedwa ndi French Mfumu Charles ndi chiwiri, amene anatenga dzina la Gutenberg.

Childhood ndi unyamata

Mwachidule yonena za Johann si ali chilichonse mwa zinthu zakale. Mukhoza kukubwezerani yekha ndi deta otalikirana. N'chifukwa chake zolondola zokhudza zaka zoyambirira za moyo wake kulibe.

Mbiri ya ubatizo wake sanakhale ndi moyo. Komabe, ofufuza ena amakhulupirira kuti tsiku la kubadwa kwake - June 24, 1400 (tsiku Ioanna Krestitelya). Komanso palibe mfundo yeniyeni za malo a kubadwa kwake. Zimakhala ngati Mainz ndi Strasbourg.

Johann anali mwana womaliza m'banja. Mwana wamkulu wa ankatchedwa Friel analinso atsikana awiri - Elsa ndi Patz.

Nditamaliza sukulu ya sekondale, mnyamata anaphunzira Chotsimikizika case, popeza anasankha kutsatira chitsanzo cha makolo kwa mayi. Amadziwika kuti wafika luso apamwamba ndipo analandira mbuye kuyambira pamenepo chinkhoswe mu akaphunzire maphunziro.

Moyo Komiti

Johannes Gutenberg kwa 1434 anakhala Komiti. Iye ankachita nawo malonda zodzikongoletsera, iye wopukutidwa miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi kalirole umatulutsa. Zinali mu malingaliro ake lingaliro kuti akonze makina zimene kusindikiza bukhu. Mu 1438 iye analenga bungwe pansi kwachinsinsi dzina "ogwira ntchito ndi luso." Cover anatumikira monga ulimi wa kalirole. mgwirizano umenewu unapangidwa bungwe mogwirizana ndi wophunzira ake Andreas Drittsenom.

Padziko ino Gutenberg ndi timu anali pafupi anapeza lalikulu, koma imfa ya mnzake wachita anachedwa buku anatulukira wake.

Kutulukira yosindikiza

Poyambira wa yosindikiza ano amaona kuti 1440, ngakhale palibe kusindikizidwa zikalata, mabuku ndi magwero a nthawi. Pali umboni umboni, malinga kumene Valdfogel kuyambira 1444 kugulitsa chinsinsi cha "makalata yokumba." Iwo ankaganiza kuti Yohane yekha Gutenberg. Choncho anayesa kupeza ndalama pofuna kukwaniritsa makina ake. Pamene iye anali makalata otukukira kunja analenga ku zitsulo ndi osemedwa galasi chifaniziro chake. Pa pepala panali lolembedwa, kunali koyenera kugwiritsa ntchito utoto wapadera ndi atolankhani.

Mu 1448 dziko la Germany anabwerera ku Mainz, kumene tagwirizana ndi moneylender J. Fust, amene malipiro pacaka guilders eyiti. Phindu pa chosindikiza anayenera kugawana ndi anthu. Koma pamapeto makonzedwe amenewa anayamba kulimbana Gutenberg. Iye anayima kupeza ndalama analonjeza kwa luso thandizo, koma phindu akadali zidzasankhidwa.

Ngakhale mavuto onse, makina Ioganna Gutenberga mu 1956 anapeza nambala ya zilembo osiyana (a okwana asanu). Ndiye panali loyamba kusindikizidwa galamala Elia Donata, zikalata zingapo nduna ndipo potsiriza, ma Baibulo awiri amene azikhala monga zipilala za mbiri kusindikiza.

42 mzere Gutenberg Baibulo tinkawasindikiza palibe pasanafike 1455, amaona kuti ntchito yaikulu ya Johann. Izo zafika masiku athu ndi kusungidwa mu Mainz Museum.

Abukhuli, anayambitsa walenga ndi wosasintha wapadera, mtundu wa script Gothic. Kunapezeka wofanana pamanja ndi chifukwa achikhalire a ligatures ndi achidule, chimene chinapangidwa ntchito pa alembi.

Popeza utoto alipo ndi yosayenera kusindikiza Gutenberg anali kulenga awo. Powonjezera mkuwa, kutsogolera ndi sulfure mu lemba m'buku anatembenuka bluish-wakuda, ndi nzeru zachilendo, wofiira utoto ankagwiritsa ntchito categorization. Kuphatikiza mitundu iwiri, anali kuphonya tsamba limodzi kawiri kudzera makina.

bukhu lofalitsidwa ndi makope 180, koma kuti anapulumuka pang'ono. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri ndi ku Germany (khumi zidutswa). Mu Russia, panali chochitika chimodzi cha Baibulo loyamba kusindikizidwa, koma pambuyo zisinthe boma Soviet adaugulitsa pa ogulitsira malonda mu London.

M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu Baibulo ili sizigulitsidwa 30 florins (magalamu 3 zagolidi ndalama). Lero, tsamba limodzi la bukuli zokwana madola 80 chikwi. A okwana masamba 1272 a Baibulo.

litigation

Johannes Gutenberg kawiri kupempha chilungamo. Kwa nthawi yoyamba izi zinachitika mu 1439, pambuyo pa imfa ya bwenzi ndi mnzake A. Drittsena. ana ake ankanena kuti makina kwenikweni ndi kuyambitsa kwa bambo awo.

Gutenberg mosavuta anapambana. Ndipo chifukwa zipangizo zake ofufuza anapeza, anali atayamba siteji zimene okonzeka. zikalata zina mawu monga "mitundu", "kusindikiza", "uthenga", "ntchito". Izi bwino umboni ndi chivomerezocho za makina.

Amadziwika kuti ndondomeko wasiya chifukwa chosowa zina kumanzere Andreas. Johann anali kumanganso zawo.

Mayesedwe chachiwiri chinachitika mu 1455, pamene anayambitsa akuzengedwa mlandu J. Fust chidwi sanali malipiro. Khotili linagamula kuti chosindikizira ndi mbali zake zonse kunditumiza ku odandaula ndi. Johannes Gutenberg anapanga makina osindikizira mu 1440, ndipo zaka khumi ndi zisanu kenako iye ankayenera kuti kuyambira zikande.

m'zaka zaposachedwapa

Ndi mwamwayi mlanduwu, Gutenberg atonga kusiya. Iye anayamba kampani kuti K. Gumerov ndi linatuluka mu 1460 nkhani Ioganna Balba, komanso Latin galamala ndi dikishonale.

Mu 1465 anapita ku utumiki wa Elector Adolf.

Pa zaka 68 anamwalira osindikiza buku. Iye anaikidwa mu Mainz, koma malo atsopano a manda ake sakudziwika.

Kufala yosindikiza

Kodi wotchuka Johann Gutenberg, anakopeka ambiri. Easy ndalama monga aliyense. Choncho, pali anthu ambiri kumachita ngati woyamba kusindikizidwa Europe.

Dzina Gutenberg olembedwa mmodzi wa mapepala wake Peter Sheffer, kuphunzira wake. Atawonongedwa oyambirira kusindikizidwa antchito ake omwazika ku Ulaya, kuyambitsa umisiri watsopano m'mayiko ena. mphunzitsi awo anatchulidwa Johannes Gutenberg. The makina osindikizira zinafalikira kwambiri Hungary (A. Hess), Italy (Sveyhneym), Spain. Oddly, palibe ophunzira a Gutenberg sanapite France. Paris yekha anaitanidwa makinawo German ntchito m'dziko lawo.

Mfundo yomaliza mbiri ya ntchito yosindikiza mabuku mu ntchito Anthony Van der Linden mu 1878.

Gutenbergovedenie

Umunthu European mpainiya wakhala otchuka. Akatswiri m'mayiko ambiri anapezerapo mwayi kulemba ena ntchito pa mbiri wake kapena ntchito. Ngakhale pa moyo wake anayamba kukanganira za olemba a Kutulukira ndi malo (Mainz kapena Strasbourg).

Akatswiri ena otchedwa Gutenberg kuphunzira Fust ndi Schaeffer. Ndipo ngakhale kuti iye anaitana Johann Schaeffer anayambitsa buku yosindikiza, mphekesera awa akupitirirabe kwa nthawi yaitali.

Ofufuza amakono anamucha vuto lalikulu ndi kuti mabuku oyamba kusindikizidwa ndi sikuthandiza ndi colophon, ndi chizindikiro cha olemba. Tikamachita zimenezi, Gutenberg akhoza kupewa mavuto ambiri ndipo kuti sadzaloledwa vegetate cholowa chawo.

Pa chizindikiro cha zatsopano amadziwa basi, ndi chifukwa kulibe makalata wake, odalirika fano. Chiwerengero cha osakwanira zopelekedwa umboni.

Johannes Gutenberg anatulukira zilembo wapadera, chifukwa amene anatha kukhazikitsa ndi kutsimikiza cholowa chake.

Mu Russia, chidwi chophunzira moyo wa mpainiya anaonekera okha m'ma makumi awiri. Ndiye quincentenary taonera kuyambitsa yosindikiza. The kafukufuku woyamba anali Vladimir Lublin, woimira asayansi wa Leningrad.

dziko lonse inalembedwa ndiponso kusindikizidwa oposa 3,000 zokhudza sayansi (zikuphatikizapo ndi mbiri mwachidule Gutenberg).

chikumbukiro

Mwatsoka, sipezeka zithunzi pompo-pompo a Johann. The chosema choyamba, chojambulidwa cha chaka 1584, linalembedwa mu Paris anafotokoza zatsopano mawonekedwe.

Mainz imatengedwa osati wakwawo kwa Johann, komanso malo kuyambitsa wa osindikizira. Choncho, pali chipilala kuti Gutenberg, owonetsera zakale wake (anatsegula mu 1901).

Iwo chikutchedwa ndi Chigwa asteroid pa Moon.