Yaikulu chosema: tanthauzo. Manda wotchuka chakale ndi chi yaikulu chosema

chosema yaikulu losiyaniranatu ndi zina zofanana luso. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti iwo ophatikizapo osati cholinga cha wolemba, kamphindi lalikulu mu mbiriyakale, kapena ngakhale nthawi zonse. Childs, malo awa amene anaika mwachindunji kumene zosiyanasiyana zinachitika, chimenenso, ali odzipereka.

Ngakhale akumaona ziboliboli yaikulu wowerenga kuchita zipolopolo. mfundo ndi yakuti, mosiyana ndi zojambula, ziboliboli ndi zipilala kuyang'ana kuzikwanitsa. Choncho, kuti timudziwe bwino luso kufunika kwa maganizo onse.

tanthauzo

Masiku ano, pali matanthauzo angapo chosema. Choyamba, ndi chipilala, Pamwalawo, obelisk kapena chinachake chimene anamangidwira cholinga chimodzi - kulemekeza chikumbukiro cha munthu amene wapanga zambiri zabwino kwa mzinda kapena dziko.

Kachiwiri, ndi chosema wodzipereka kwa zochitika m'mbiri. Nthawi zambiri waikidwa pa mapeto a nkhondo. Pali milandu pamene zipilala ali anamangidwa mu zaka chikumbutso cha mzinda.

Tsiku ndi tsiku ndi yaikulu chosema - ndi fano aliyense, amene ali mbali yaikulu. Koma tanthauzo limeneli sitinganene kuti kafukufuku, ngakhale izo zikuchitika.

Ndipotu chosema yaikulu mogometsa kuti anadzipereka kwa zochitika m'mbiri. Angagwiritsidwenso anamangidwa mu ulemu wa umunthu kwambiri. Mbali zake khalidwe ndi mwaunyinji, ndipo mogwirizana ndi zomangamanga ozungulira.

Chandamale omvera amaona omvera misa. Sitingathe kunena kuti chipilala zitha kukhala chosema ndi chithunzi, pali mwina. Nthawi zina anamanga mphindi zonse anamenyana ndi nawo umunthu angapo, zipolopolo ndi zina zotero.

Mbiri ya chosema yaikulu

Mu Russia, komanso onse pa dziko kwa zaka mazana ambiri angwiro luso la zosemasema. Choyamba, monga chuma ntchito mtengo wa mwala. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi, mu Kiev pali ntchito woyamba wa khalidwe chadzaoneni. Ndi chithandizo cha Virigo Hodegetria.

Koma sitimakhulupirira kuti yaikulu ndi kukongoletsa chosema kwenikweni kumayambira Kiev. chakuti ambuye Asilavo ophunzitsidwa mu Byzantine Osema luso. A mtundu Byzantine ankaona anali wotchuka kwambiri kale.

Mitundu loyamba chosema yaikulu amadzipereka mbiri osati anthu. Iwo munthu nkhondo pakati pa milungu, ogula a mizinda kapena pobereka, ndi zina zotero. Ndipo chabe zaka zochepa, kusintha mu dziko la chisunzo. Pali manda yoyamba imene anakonza immortalize anthu makamaka alipo ndipo polenga zinthu zothandiza pa dziko.

Technology wa yopanga chosema yaikulu

Pamaso ziboliboli yaikulu adzakhala anaika mu malo basi. izo, ambiri a ntchito. Pali njira kupanga, koma aliyense wa iwo ali ofanana. Dongosololi chikuchitika mu masitepe 7:

1. Pangani sewero pa pepala.
2. Kupanga sewero likutipatsa, umene ukufanizidwa ndi chosema kuchokera kumathandiza kupeza ngodya ina.
3. Kupanga fano ka chitsanzo cha chuma yofewa. Childs, izi ntchito plasticine. M'mbuyomu sikunali kotheka kuti ndiyesere sculpt buku ang'ono, ziboliboli zonse zinalengedwa "phindu."
4. Kupanga chitsanzo ntchito, limene amawerengedwa chiwerengero onse, mpaka mbali yaing'ono.
5. Kuwerengetsa anapangira mmodzi ntchito dongosolo. Nthawi zambiri zina zachidule zimagwiridwa kachiwiri, koma kutenga nkhani ntchito.
6. Kuyamba ndi zida. Centimeter ziboliboli amanga zolengedwa zake m'tsogolo.
7. Anapanga gulu lomaliza, likukonza ndi zinthu zazing'ono monga tsitsi, maso, milomo ndi ngodya ena.

Choncho, zinthu zolengedwa a fano yaing'ono zingatenge zaka zambiri. Ndipotu, muyenera kuganizira kwambiri za mfundo kulenga mwaluso.

kupanga zinthu

Yaikulu chosema akhale zinthu zosiyanasiyana. namatetule woona akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito zonse zimene ali pa dzanja. Koma nthawi zambiri ntchito zipangizo zotsatirazi:

• Natural mwala - nsangalabwi kapena lubwe. Woyamba amalola kuti mizere lililonse limatisokoneza ndi zinthu, koma ndi bwino chimatsutsana chinyontho. Choncho, adzaikidwa pa mafano msewu lubwe ntchito nthawi zambiri. Zamgululi atakumba boulders lalikulu.
• Yokumba mwala - ndi gulu. Nkhanizi udzathiridwa mu nkhungu. Pamene chosema youma, izo zimakhala kwathunthu itatha. Ndi mtundu wa mankhwala mulibe amasiyana kwambiri ku nsangalabwi kapena lubwe, koma mtengo kwambiri.
• Zitsulo - mkuwa, mkuwa kapena mkuwa. njira kupanga ofanana chimake m'mbuyomu. Osungunula zitsulo udzathiridwa mu nkhungu, ndiyeno nkupereka nthawi kuti ziume.
• Gypsum. Nkhanizi ndi zovuta Osema. Choyamba, madzi ndi wothira ufa, ndiye osakaniza chifukwa unatsanuliridwa mu nkhungu. Kuyanika ndondomeko kumachitika mofulumira, kwenikweni mkati theka la ola.
• Tree. Pankhaniyi, zosemasema akhoza kudula kuchokera pa chidutswa monolithic, kapena kulengedwa ndi mbali payekha.

Kusankha zinthu lolunjika yekha chilakolako cha ziboliboli ndi, apo izo amusankha malingana ndi zofuna za makasitomala a mankhwala.

Mitundu ya ziboliboli yaikulu

Yaikulu chosema ali wopanda malire mu osiyanasiyana. Usogolere zambiri zitsanzo zimene kugwirizana ndi luso limeneli. Komabe, pali mitundu imene pali yaikulu zitsanzo gulu:

• Chikumbutso. chosema ichi, chimene munthu akuyesera zimalimbikitsa Mlengi.
• Chipilala. chipilala ichi, chimene wodzipereka kwa zochitika m'mbiri kapena kanjedza.
• Chifaniziro - chipilala wodzipereka kwa munthu.
• Pamwalawo - mbale umodzi, lomwe lili ndi lolembedwa lalembedwa kapena kujambula.
• Obelisk - mzati, wopangidwa mwa nkhope 4 kuti tapered oposa.
• Yaikulu ndi kukongoletsa chosema. Iwo amagwira ntchito ziwiri. Choyamba, izo perpetuates chochitika kapena munthu. Lachiwiri, imagwiridwa kuti agwirizane ndi malo mogwirizana ndi kuti ndi yokongola.
• Kupambana mizati, arches kapena zipata. Awa ndi nyumba kuti zimagwiridwa polemekeza kugonjetsa aliyense kuchotsa chinyengo ndi zina zotero.

N'zotheka kuti mu nthawi ino chidzakhala luso Osema amene udzalowetsa mitundu zina mu gulu la ambiri. Motero mndandanda kungakhale kokha pa nthawiyo, sitingathe kukana asilikali ake angathe.

zitsanzo

Uliwonse dziko, m'malo ponseponse yaikulu chosema. Zitsanzo zingachititse kalekale. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti aliyense boma lili ndi mbiri yake, mphindi kofunika kwa akulu awo. Ndipo kudali kudziwa kuti mibadwomibadwo, zipilala anamangapo ndi zipilala, ziboliboli ndi zipilala, steles ndi achikumbutso.

Chitsanzo Russian, taganizirani chipilala kuti Peter 1 ili St. Petersburg. Great ziboliboli Falcone ntchito pa izo kwa pafupifupi zaka 15.

Muyeneranso kulabadira ndime Alexandria. Iwo ali odzipereka kwa kugonjetsa Napoleon, koma Alexander I amasiya yomanga ake. Komabe, ana a mfumu anamva mosatekeseka zimalimbikitsa yofunikayi Russian mphindi mbiri.

Kuyambira ziboliboli yachilendo yaikulu mukuona fano la Marcus Aurelius ili Rome. kuteteza ake mpaka lero tiyenera kuziganizira bwino kwambiri. Pamene ziboliboli Maliko kusungunuka, chipilala izi ndi fano anapeza munthu chosiyana. Chotero lerolino, n'zotheka kuyang'ana pambuyo pa kubwezeretsedwa izo zikuwoneka ngati latsopano.

The Mkuwa pamahatchi

Kuti akapereke chipilala kuti Peter 1, Falcone anaitanidwa Russia ndi dongosolo la Mfumukazi Catherine II. Ziboliboli panthawi imeneyo anali kale msinkhu (zaka 50) ntchito zikuluzikulu, izo sizinali iye France. Iye yekha, kukwaniritsa malamulo pa chomera wamba, komabe kulota ntchito yaikulu. Pamene pempho anabwera, iye sanali ngakhale muyenera kuganizira. Iye anabwera Russia mwamsanga pamene iye akanakhoza.

Falcone ukugwira ntchito kwa zaka 12. Koma kwathunthu paokha kudzapereka chosema iye sakanakhoza kapena kungoti sanafune. Mutu wa chipilala anatenga mwana wake, amene adadza naye. A njoka pansi pa mapazi kavalo anachita Russian ziboliboli.

Popeza ntchitoyi inali yaikulu ndithu, mbuye sanagwirizane ndi kuponya. A iwonso alendo sanali ndalama zotheka. Koma kenako kwa Haylovu, amene anavomera kuphunzitsa Falcone, kumuthandiza kusankha zitsanzo ndi kufanana.

Tikumbukenso kuti ziboliboli anali ndalama zochepa, koma ndi thandizo la Mkuwa pamahatchi anatha zimalimbikitsa osati Russian Mfumu, komanso okha. Today, aliyense akhoza Dziŵani chosema, ndi mu ankalamulira ku St. Petersburg.

Fano la Marcus Aurelius

Pali ziboliboli, amene ali zaka zambiri. Ena kokhaku kuchokera olembedwa kapena bwinja. Koma munthu amakhalabe ndi moyo lero. Ichi ndi fano la Marcus Aurelius ku Rome.

Ambiri, panali zambiri zofanana ziboliboli. Komabe, mu Ages Middle iwo onse anasungunuka pansi mu zosiyanasiyana zothandiza kwa mkuwa. Kukwera Akavalo fano la Marcus Aurelius asungidwa chifukwa cha kulakwitsa. Popeza kuti kusokonezedwa ndi thunthu la Mfumu Constantine Wamkulu.

Mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano chipilala anatumikira monga chitsanzo womuimira. Osema ambiri, kuphatikizapo talente ndipo ngakhale namatetule wa Donatello, anatembenuka kwa iye, anadalira pa iye.

Alexander Danga

Alexander ndime anaonekera mu ntchito yomweyo akadzagonjetsedwa Napoleon. Komabe, mfumu silinachirikize lingaliro, chifukwa iye anali wodzichepetsa, ndi chiyamiko lolembedwa mu ulemu wa Alexander Ine, sankasangalala iye. Ntchito pa obelisk anaima.

Kenako, pamene Karl Rossi chinkhoswe mu kapangidwe a General Wogwila, iye Amasintha kuti zomangamanga pansi pa Alexander yachiwiri. Choncho, mu 1829 Nicholas Ine sakanachitira mwina koma kuvomereza ntchitoyo. Mwatsoka, kukula kwake wapereka udindo osati Rossi ndi Montferrand.

Alexander ndime anapangidwa ofiira lubwe. pamwamba yake chokongoletsedwa ndi mngelo. Bwaloli wapamwamba kupambana mzati mu dziko. Ndipo mbali yake zimasiyanitsa ndi patsinde palibe maziko kapena mulu zolimba. Zikupereka zikomo yekha ndi mawerengedwe zolondola.

Milimo ya Admiralty

pakumanga Admiralty ku St. Petersburg zinachitikadi monga mwa zojambula a Peter I. The yomanga inayamba mu 1704. Patatha zaka 7 pakati pa nyumba wapakamwa, nsanja, spire kuti akakometsere bwato laling'ono.

Milimo ya Admiralty ku St. Petersburg ndi imodzi mwa nyumba zikuluzikulu za mzinda. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti misewu ikuluikulu itatu intersect ndi izo. Main wapakamwa pa kutalika mamita 407. Nearby pali ulemerero sculptural, womwenso ziboliboli zingapo ndi mizati.

Pomaliza

Lang'anani kwambiri pa luso lopanga ndi chosema chadzaoneni. Photos zosiyanasiyana kupambana ziboliboli, ziboliboli kapena zipilala kukometsera masamba a mabuku ambiri mbiri. Ena ziboliboli ndi kusonkhanitsa payekha, koma ngakhale nthawi zimasonyeza pa zisudzo. Komabe, kwakukulukulu zipilala zonse ili m'misewu mumzinda, ndipo aliyense angathe kuwerenga iwo kwaulere.