Pre-Raphaelite zojambula ndi maudindo. Pre-Raphaelite zojambula mitu

Popeza 1850s mu England, anayamba ina yatsopano ndakatulo ndiponso kupenta. Iwo ankatchedwa "Pre-Raphaelites." Nkhani imeneyi kumakhala mfundo zikuluzikulu za m'dera luso zilandiridwenso lathu, Pre-Raphaelite zojambula ndi maudindo.

ndi Pre-Raphaelites ndi ndani?

Pofuna kuti achoke ku miyambo wotopetsa maphunziro ndi aesthetics moyenera nyengo zamunthawi ya Victoria, gulu la ojambula zithunzi walenga ake malangizo luso. Iwo aloŵa pafupifupi onse muzochitika za moyo, anapanga alakwitsa ndi kulankhulana kwa Mlengi wawo. Ndipo luso malangizo, nthumwi za amisiri zinali dzina chomwecho - ndi Pre-Raphaelites. Zithunzi anasonyeza kuyandikana awo ndi oyambirira Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Ndipotu, fraternity dzina odziwikiratu. Amisiri ndiAmene chidwi amene ankagwira pamaso kuwuka kwa Raphael ndi Michelangelo. Pakati pawo - Bellini, Perugino, Angelico.

Malangizo anayamba pa theka lachiwiri la zana la 19.

zikamera

Mpaka 1850s onse luso British anali mu phiko la Royal Academy of Tirhana. Pulezidenti wake, Sir Yoswa Reynolds, komanso nthumwi ina ya mabungwe boma kukana zaluso ndi zatsopano analimbikitsa ophunzira ake.

Pomaliza, izi malo yopapatiza anapanga ojambula zithunzi zingapo ndi maganizo ofanana pa luso ambiri mogwirizana ubale. Woyamba wa ophunzira ake anakhala Zoyenera Hunt ndi Dante Rossetti. Iwo anakomana ku chionetsero mu sukulu ndi njira zolankhula, anazindikira kuti maganizo awo ndi ofanana kwambiri.

Rossetti analemba kupenta "Youth wa Virgin Mary" pa nthawi ino, ndipo Hunt anamuthandiza kumaliza zilibe kanthu, koma mawu. Kale mu 1849, chinsalu anali ankathamanga pa amasonyeza. Achinyamata anavomereza kuti masiku English kupenta zikuchitika mu nthawi yabwino mu mbiri yake. Kuti mwanjira kutsitsimutsa mawonekedwe luso, kunali koyenera kupita ku ndizosowa doakademicheskim, chifukwa kuphweka ndi zimamvekera.

Akuluakulu oimira

Poyamba, Pre-Raphaelite Abale, amene zithunzi kuti adauzira moyo watsopano mu chikhalidwe British, unali ndi anthu asanu.

1. Zoyenera Hunt. Iye anakhala ndi moyo wautali, kukhala owona kwa malingaliro ake pa luso mpaka imfa yake. Iye anali wolemba mabuku angapo, kutiuza ife za mamembala ubale ndi kufotokoza chisanadze Raphaelite zojambula. Mwa zojambula otchuka zojambula za - "mthunzi wa imfa" (achipembedzo kupenta wa Yesu), "Isabella ndi mphika wa Basil" (zochokera ndakatulo Dzhona Kitsa), "Scapegoat" (olembedwa pa maziko a nkhani za m'Baibulo).

2. Dzhon Mille. Iye amadziwika ndi wophunzira wamng'ono wa Academy of Tirhana chomwe pambuyo chinasinthidwa pulezidenti ake. John patapita ntchito yaitali mu kalembedwe Pre-Raphaelite ubale amasiya. Kudyetsa banja lake, iye anayamba kujambula zithunzi pa dongosolo ndipo zinatheka. The ntchito chidwi kwambiri - "Khristu kunyumba kwa makolo ake" (achipembedzo chithunzi, wodzala ndi zizindikiro za moyo wamtsogolo ndi imfa ya Khristu), "Ophelia" (olembedwa pa Zomwe zinachitika chifukwa cha "Hamlet"), "thovu" (kupenta nyumba ya nthawi mochedwa zilandiridwenso, wakhala wotchuka ngati malonda sopo).

3. Dante Rossetti. zojambula ndi wodzazidwa ndi mwambo wa kukongola ndi eroticism akazi. mkazi wake Elizabeti anakhala imasonkhezera lalikulu la zojambulajambula a. imfa yake kuonongedwa kwa Dante. Iye kumuyika iye mu bokosi mipukutu wake wa ndakatulo, koma patatha zaka zochepa zitamubwerera, wapanga exhumation ndipo anawatenga kuchokera mmanda. Lodziwika ntchito: "Wodala Beatrice" (zinasonyeza mkazi wa Dante, umene uli pakati pa moyo ndi imfa), "Proserpina" (Aroma wamkazi ndi grenade mu dzanja lake), "Veronica Veronese" (kuyimira kupenta kuti amasonyeza ndondomeko kulenga).

4. Maykl Rossetti. m'bale Dante, amenenso anaphunzira pa Academy. Koma pamapeto ndinasankha njira wotsutsa ndi wolemba. Pre-Raphaelite zojambula zinkakoperedwa pansi izo mwachisawawa. Ndi mbiri ya m'bale wake. Iye anakonza mfundo yaikulu ya malangizo.

5. Tomás Vulner. Iye anali ziboliboli ndi ndakatulo. Mu ntchito yake yoyambirira amapereka lingaliro la chisanadze Raphaelites anayamba chilengedwe ndi kuganizira mfundo zazing'ono. Atalemba ndakatulo mu magazini ubale, koma kenako nkumapita ku malingaliro awo ambiri ndipo ankaganiza mitundu zachikhalidwe.

6. Frederick Stevens. Wojambula ndi luso wotsutsa. Mosakhalitsa anayamba kumva chisoni ndi talente imodzi ya zojambulajambula ndi lolunjika pa kutsutsa. Iye ankaona kuti ntchito yake kufotokoza cholinga pagulu ubale ndi kulemekeza Pre-Raphaelite zojambula. Iwo anasunga ena zojambula ake kuti: "Marquis ndi Griselda", "Mayi ndi Mwana", "Imfa ya Mfumu Arthur."

7. Dzheyms Kollinson. Ine anali wokhulupirira, kotero iye anajambula nkhani zachipembedzo. Ndinachoka ammudzi pambuyo Mawere kupenta atadzudzulidwa womkanikizawo, ndipo anaitana amwano. Mwa ntchito zake - "Banja Woyera", "Kukana Elizabeth wa Hungary", "Alongo".

Pre-Raphaelite zojambula chimene chinapangitsa kwambiri pa mlanduwo, anali anthu ambiri amaganizo amodzi. Iwo sanali m'gulu la abale, koma Pamilunguyo malingaliro enieni. Pakati pawo - chithunzicho L. Alma-Tadema, mlengi F. M. Brown, wa zojambula William Deverell, embroiderer M. Morris, Illustrator Hughes ndi ena.

The kutsutsa mu siteji koyamba

Poyamba, chisanadze Raphaelite zojambula tinakakumana otsutsa ofunda kwambiri. Iwo anali ngati kamphepo kayaziyazi. Komabe, zinthu kunakula pambuyo kuzipeleka m'kuunika zojambula zipembedzo zingapo, zinalembedwa sanali kugwilizana ndi malamulo a.

Makamaka, kupenta "Khristu mu Nyumba ya Makolo Ake" Mille burashi. Pa chinsalu amaonetsera wowuma mlengalenga, barani, kufupi ndi kumene msipu nkhosa. Virgin atagwada pamaso pa Yesu pang'ono, amene wavulala dzanja lake ndi msomali ndi. Mapira chadzadza ichi zizindikiro chithunzi. A magazi dzanja - chizindikiro cha kupachikidwa m'tsogolo, mbale ndi madzi, amene ali Yohane Mbatizi - chizindikiro cha Epiphany, nkhunda pansi pa makwerero, inatchulidwa ndi Mzimu Woyera, nkhosa - ndi wosalakwa.

Ofufuza otchedwa kupenta izi amwano. The nyuzipepala "The Times" ikutchedwa penti kupanduka mu luso. Ena, kunenanso kufanana kwa Banja Woyera ndi anthu wamba, yodziwika monga ntchito ya Mawere a choipitsitsa ndi zonyansa.

Rossetti chithunzi "Annunciation" ndi zimapotoza. Zojambulajambula analowa kuchokera kunsonga m'Baibulo, ndi Virgin atavala zovala zoyera. Pa nsalu ya chimaonetsedwa mantha. NGATI Stone wotsutsa anayerekezera Pre-Raphaelite ntchito ndi zinthu zofukulidwa pake.

Amene amadziwa chimene chikanakhala tsoka la fraternity, ngati sali kumbali wake wotsutsa Dzhon Roskin, amene maganizo amawerengedwa onse.

Zotsatira odalirika munthu

Dzhon Roskin anali katswiri wa mbiri luso ndi walemba kuposa lina sayansi pamaso bwino ntchito ya Pre-Raphaelites. anali Kodi anadabwa atazindikira kuti maganizo onse ndi malingaliro anauyamba nkhani yake, apeza malo awo mu ubale ndi chinsalu cha.

Ruskin kulimbikitsa malowedwe mu akamanena za chilengedwe, chidwi tsatanetsatane, kuyimitsidwa zoyikidwa ndi a malamulo ndi zithunzi chithunzi monga iwo akhale. Zonsezi zili m'gulu ndi pulogalamu chisanadze Raphaelite.

wotsutsa A walemba nkhani zingapo "The Times," womwe kutamanda ntchito aluso. Iye anagula ena zojambula zawo, kuchirikiza ojambula zithunzi, ndi m'makhalidwe ndi ndalama. Ruskin ankakonda kalembedwe latsopano ndi zachilendo kwa chojambula zojambula mafuta. Pre-Raphaelites kenako adalenga zithunzi zingapo mtetezi wake ndi woyang'anira.

chiwembu

Poyamba, aluso anatembenuka yekha nkhani Evanjeriko, kuganizira zimene zinachitikira ndiAmene wa oyambirira Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Iwo sanafune kudzapereka chithunzi cha malamulo mpingo. Cholinga chachikulu chinali kusamutsa maganizo nthanthi pa chinsalu cha. N'chifukwa chake chisanadze Raphaelite zojambula monga mwatsatanetsatane ndi yophiphiritsa.

"The Youth wa Virgin Mary" Rossetti anali malinga ndi zosoŵa za nyengo zamunthawi ya Victoria. Izo zimasonyeza mtsikana wodzichepetsa mu chisamaliro cha mayi wake. Nthawi zambiri ankafotokozedwa kuwerenga Dante imaikidwa mu manja a Virgin singano. Iye nsalu pa nsalu ya kakombo - chizindikiro cha chiyero ndi wosachimwa. Atatu maluwa pa tsinde la - Atate ndi Mwana ndi Mzimu Woyera. masamba Palm ndi nthula ndi minga - chimwemwe ndi chisoni kwa Maria. Chithunzi si tanthauzo zinthu, mitundu ndi zochita - onse lakonzedwa lozani tanthauzo aumunthu.

A Patapita nthawi, Pre-Raphaelites amisiri, amene zithunzi chidwi anthu anayamba ku mutu wa lochitira anthu ( "Lady Lilith"), lodyera akazi masuku pamutu ( "Woken mwaulemu"), emigration ( "The Last la England").

Yofunika kwambiri mu ubale wa ntchito unachita zojambula zochokera ntchito za olemba a chi English ndi olemba. Amisiri anauziridwa ndi ntchito za Shakespeare, Keats, ndi Chitaliyana Dante Alighieri.

zithunzi wamkazi

zojambula ndi mitu ya zilembo wamkazi mu Pre-Raphaelite ndithu zosiyanasiyana. Iwo analumikizana okha chimodzi - pa canvasses awo analamulira kukongola wamkazi. Madona ankafotokozedwa mosasintha wokongola, bata, ndi zowawa za chinsinsi. Pali nkhani zosiyanasiyana: temberero, imfa, chikondi unrequited, oyera mwauzimu.

Nthawi zambiri izo anakweza mutu wa chigololo, kumene mkazi poyera kuti kuwala mosayenera. Ndithudi, iye ali ndi chilango wankhanza chifukwa zochita zake.

Akazi nthawi zambiri kugonjera yesero ndi chilakolako mu zojambula za Pre-Raphaelites ( "Proserpine"). Koma pali chiwembu n'zosiyana, pamene munthu ali ndi wotsutsa kugwa akazi (ngati zojambula za "Marianne", "Woken mwaulemu").

Chitsanzo

Umangokhala zitsanzo zojambula wake chithunzicho amasankha mabwenzi ndi achibale. Rossetti zambiri analembera mayi anga ndi mlongo ( "The Youth wa Virgin Mary"), koma zikuchita misonkhano ya mbuye wake Fanny ( "Lucretia Borja"). Pamene Elizabeti anali moyo, mkazi wake wokondedwa, zithunzi wamkazi anapeza nkhope yake.

Effie Gray, mkazi wa Mawere ndi Mkazi wa Ruskin, kulanda pa filimu "The kuti amasulidwe" Chithunzi cha John ndi burashi.

Annie Miller, Mkwatibwi Hunt, anafunsa pafupifupi amisiri wa abale. Iwo akufotokozedwa mu zojambula za "Elena Troyanskaya", "Woken mwaulemu", "Mayi chikasu."

mitunda

Mitunda analemba yekha ena aluso umenewu. Iwo anatuluka mpanda wa maudindo ndi ntchito panja. Zimenezi zinathandiza ojambula zithunzi kugwila chilichonse otsiriza, chithunzi chawo wangwiro.

maola Pre-Raphaelites mu chirengedwe, kotero kuti muphonye mfundo limodzi. Ntchito imeneyi ankafuna Titanic kuleza mtima ndi luso polenga. Mwina chifukwa cha makhalidwe a pulogalamu alibe anapeza malo malangizo kuchulukana monga Mitundu ina.

Mfundo ambiri kupenta chilengedwe zojambula Hunt kwathunthu anasonyeza "English gombe" ndi Millais 'Yophukira Masamba ".

azingokhala

Pambuyo zisudzo angapo bwino ndi Pre-Raphaelite Abale adayamba kugwa. Kusonkhanitsa chikondi chawo kwa Ages Middle sikunali kokwanira. Aliyense anali kuyang'ana njira yake. Hunt yekha wokhulupirika kwa mfundo za azimuth mpaka kumapeto.

Ndithu anabwera 1853, pamene Millais anali umembala wa Royal Academy. Abale odukaduka kwathunthu. Ena unachoka kupenta kwa nthawi yaitali (mwachitsanzo, Rossetti ananyamula kulemba).

Ngakhale kutha lenileni la kulenga, Pre-Raphaelites zinthu monga malangizo kwa nthawi yaitali. Komabe, unsembe wa kulemba zithunzi ndi ochepa mfundo molakwika.

mochedwa Pre-Raphaelites

Chifukwa ojambula, kuimira gawo ina kumene, monga Simeon Solomon (ntchito analanda chofunika kuyenda ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha aestheticism zolinga), Evelyn De Morgan (analemba pa mitu m'nthano, monga "Ariadne auf Naxos"), Illustrator Genri Forda.

Pali aluso amene potengera ndi Pre-Raphaelite zojambula. Photos a ena a iwo nthawi zambiri mu atolankhani British. Iwo Sophie Anderson, Frenk Diksi John Godward, Edmund Leighton ndi ena.

mtengo

Prerafaelitizm otchedwa pafupifupi woyamba luso malangizo a England, amene ali wotchuka padziko lonse. Aliyense wotsutsa kapena layman ali nalo lingaliro lake ndi bwino kuti aone zinthu za amisiri. Mosakayikira chinthu chimodzi chokha - ndi kwa atagonjetsa m'mbali zonse za anthu.

Tsopano kwambiri reinvented. Olembedwa ntchito yatsopano sayansi, monga "Pre-Raphaelites Moyo ndi ntchito ya zojambula 500.." Wina abwera kwa kuganiza kuti oimira azimuth ichi chinali kuloŵedwa m'malo mwa Symbolists. Winawake ananena za mphamvu ya Pre-Raphaelite hippie ndipo ngakhale Dzhona Tolkina.

Nsalu anasonyeza m'mamyuziyamu kutsogolera Britain. Mosiyana ndi zimene ambiri amakhulupirira, chisanadze Raphaelite zojambula mu Hermitage si kusungidwa. Chionetsero cha zojambula anali woyamba tikuonera Russia mu 2008 ku Tretyakov Gallery.