Maiko Achiarabu. Palestina, Jordan, Iraq

Dziko lamakono liri logawidwa mwa magawo angapo, lodziwika ndi zinazake zapadera. Kumadzulo ndi Kum'maŵa, zikhalidwe za ku Ulaya ndi Aarabu zimakhala ndi "mgwirizano" wawo. Lero, mawu akuti "mayiko achiarabu" akutanthauza mayiko omwe anthu ambiri amalankhula Chiarabu.

Mgwirizano wa mayiko a Arabi

Mayiko oterowo ali ogwirizana mu bungwe lapadziko lonse - League of Arab States. Chigawo chonse cha gawo lomwe anthu okhalamo amalankhula Chiarabu ndi pafupifupi 13 miliyoni km ² . Maphunzirowa ali m'dera la mgwirizano wa makontinenti atatu - Asia, Africa ndi Europe. Motero, maiko achiarabu ali malo amodzi a geocultural, kuyambira ku Persian Gulf kupita ku Atlantic, omwe ambiri a iwo ali ndi mizu ya Aarabu.

Zinenero ndi chikhalidwe

Cholinga chachikulu cha chikhalidwe chilichonse cha Aarabu ndicho chilankhulo ndi chikhalidwe chomwe chimapangika pa maziko ake. Masiku ano chikhalidwe choterechi ndi chotseguka ndipo chimakhudzidwa ndi ena, monga Indian, Mongolian, Andalusian. Komabe, miyambo ya kumadzulo imakhudza kwambiri.

Chipembedzo

M'madera achiarabu, chipembedzo monga Chisilamu chimagwira ntchito ziwiri. Kumbali imodzi, imagwirizanitsa Aarabu ndi moyo wa ndale, ndipo pazifukwa zina - zimayambitsa kusagwirizana komanso ngakhale mikangano pakati pa othandizira mazira osiyanasiyana mkati. Tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti mayiko achiarabu ndi Asilamu sali malingaliro ofanana. Mudziko si onse a Aarabu omwe amanenedwa kuti ndi Chisilamu, mu nthawi imodzi podzipereka zipembedzo zina zimagwirizana. Kuwonjezera apo, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti mayiko achi Muslim amaphatikizapo zomwe anthu ambiri si Aarabu.

Chisilamu ndi chikhalidwe champhamvu, chifukwa, palimodzi ndi chilankhulo, pali mgwirizano wa dziko lonse la Aarabu, koma zingathe kugawa ndi kutsogolera nkhondo zamagazi.

Mayiko a dziko la Aarabu

Palimodzi pali mayiko 23 Achiarabu, mndandanda wa zomwe zafotokozedwa pansipa:

• Republic of Djibouti;
• Republic of Algeria;
• Ufumu wa Bahrain;
• Ufumu wa Yordano;
• Republic of Egypt;
• Republic of Yemen;
• Republic of Iraq;
• Republic of Lebanon;
• Union of the Comoros;
• Boma la Kuwait;
• Boma la Qatar;
• Republic of Syria;
• Boma la Libya;
• Republic of Islamic of Mauritania;
• Ufumu wa Morocco;
• United Arab Emirates (UAE) ;
• Oman;
• Saudi Arabia;
• Republic of South Sudan;
• Federal Republic of Somalia;
• Republic of Tunisia;
• Dziko la Sahara Lachiwiri (Sahara);
• Chigawo chodzilamulira cha Palestina.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti sikuti mayiko onse a Aarabu, omwe mndandanda waimiridwa, amazindikiridwa ndi enawo. Choncho, Arabia Yachiwiri ya Sahara, yomwe si mbali ya League of Arab States (LAS), imadziwika bwino ndi theka la mayiko padziko lapansi. Akuluakulu a ku Morocco amayang'anira madera ambiri.

Kuwonjezera apo, dziko la Palestina, lomwe liri gawo la League la Aarabu, limadziwika ndi mayiko 129. M'dziko lino muli magawo awiri omwe alibe gawo limodzi: Gaza ndi Gaza la West Bank.

Maiko a dziko la Aarabu amagawidwa m'magawo atatu akuluakulu:

African (Maghreb);

- Arabia;

- East Mediterranean.

Tiyeni tiwone mwachidule aliyense wa iwo.

Maiko Achiarabu a Africa, kapena Maghreb

Mwachidziwitso, Maghreb (Kumadzulo) amatanthauza kokha ku maiko omwe ali kumadzulo kwa Igupto. Komabe, lero ndizozoloŵera kutchula mayiko onse a ku North African Arabhu, monga Mauritania, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia ndi Algeria. Igupto wokha amadziwika kuti ndikati, mtima wa dziko lonse la Aarabu ndipo ali mbali ya Great Maghriban Arc. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, zikuphatikizapo mayiko monga Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Mauritania, Libya ndi Sahara ya Kumadzulo.

Mayiko a Peninsula ya Arabia

Chilumba chachikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi Arabia. Ndiko komwe maiko ambiri omwe amapereka mafuta. Mwachitsanzo, United Arab Emirates (United Arab Emirates), yomwe ili ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri. Kuwonjezera apo, m'mayiko ake maikowa akutsogolera mafuta, monga Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar. Kalekale, mayiko omwe anali pa Arabia Peninsula ankachita zongogulitsa komanso zochitika zapakati pazinjira zamalonda zomwe zimatsogolera ku Iraq ndi Iran. Masiku ano, chifukwa cha malo akuluakulu a mafuta omwe anapezeka pakati pa zaka zapitazo, mayiko onse a Chiarabu a m'dera la Arabiya ali ndi zofunikira kwambiri za ndale, zamakhalidwe ndi zachuma.

Kuwonjezera apo, mayiko omwe ali ku Persian Gulf ndi malo oyamba a kubadwa ndi chitukuko cha Chisilamu, kuchokera komwe amalekera ku madera ena.

Mayiko a kum'mawa kwa Mediterranean

Mzinda wa East Mediterranean wa Asia, wotchedwa Mashriq, umaphatikizapo mayiko ena a Arabiya East monga Republic of Iraq, Ufumu wa Jordan, Syria, Libya ndi omwe ali ndi udindo wokhala ndi ulamuliro wa Palestina okha. Mashrik amachokera panthawi yomwe boma la Israeli linakhazikitsidwa kumapeto kwa zaka makumi awiri mphambu makumi asanu ndi awiri (100) zopanda malire, zomwe zimagonjetsedwa nthawi zonse m'mayiko a Arabiya. M'zaka zonse za makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri, nkhondo za Israeli ndi nkhondo za Israeli zinali kuchitika nthawi zonse pano. Tiyeni tipitirire mwatsatanetsatane pamadera otere a kum'mawa kwa Mediterranean monga Iraq, Jordan ndi Palestine.

Republic of Iraq

Dziko la Arabili lili m'mitsinje ya Euphrates ndi Tigris, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Mesopotamiya, ndipo yasambitsidwa kuchokera kumwera chakum'maŵa ndi madzi a Persian Gulf. Dzikoli lili malire ndi Kuwait, Iran, Turkey, Syria, Saudi Arabia ndi Jordan. Kumpoto ndi kumpoto chakum'maŵa kwa Iraq ndi mapiri a Armenian ndi a Iran, omwe amadziwika ndi ntchito zakumwamba.

Dziko la Iraq, lomwe likulu lake ndi Baghdad, ndilo dziko lachiwiri lalikulu la Aarabu ku Eastern Mediterranean ndi Middle East dera lomwe liri ndi anthu oposa 16 miliyoni.

Mpumulo wa 1958 unachititsa kuti ufumu uwonongeke m'dziko lino, ndipo kuchokera mu 1963 chipani cha a Arab Socialist Revival (PASV) chimawonjezera mphamvu zandale. Chifukwa cha nkhondo yowopsa mu zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi zapitazo, chipani ichi chinayamba kulamulira mu 1979, chotsogoleredwa ndi S. Hussein. Chochitika ichi chakhala gawo lalikulu mu moyo wa boma. Anali wolemba ndale amene adatha kuthetseratu adani ake onse ndikukhazikitsa ulamuliro woweruza. Hussein, kupyolera mu kumasulidwa kwa ndondomeko ya zachuma ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mtunduwo pa lingaliro la "mdani wamba", wakwanitsa kuonetsetsa kukula kwa kudzikonda kwake ndi kupeza mphamvu zopanda malire.

Potsogozedwa kwake, Iraq inachititsa nkhondo ku Iran mu 1980, yomwe idatha mpaka 1988. Kusintha kwake kunali mu 2003, pamene magulu ankhondo omwe anatsogoleredwa ku United States adagonjetsa Iraq, zomwe zinachititsa kuti Saddam Hussein aphedwe. Zotsatira za kuwukira uku zikukumvabe. Nthaŵi ina dziko lamphamvu lasanduka malo akuluakulu a zankhondo, momwe mulibe makampani opanga, kapena mtendere.

Ufumu wa Hashemite wa Jordan

Kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Asia, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Arabia Peninsula, kumadzulo kwa Iraq ndi kum'mwera kwa Republic la Syria ndi ufumu wa Jordan. Mapu a dzikoli akuwonetsa kuti pafupifupi gawo lonselo liri ndi mapiri a m'chipululu ndi mapiri ndi mapiri osiyanasiyana. Limadutsa pa Yordano ndi Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Israel ndi dera la Palestina. Dzikoli likhoza kupeza Nyanja Yofiira. Mkulu wa boma ndi Amman. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, n'zotheka kutsegula mizinda ikuluikulu - Ez-Zarka ndi Irbid.

Kuchokera mu 1953 mpaka 1999, mpaka imfa yake, dzikoli linalamulidwa ndi Mfumu Hussein. Lero, ufumu ukutsogoleredwa ndi mwana wake - Abdullah II, yemwe ali woimira mboni ya Hashemite ndipo akukhulupilira kuti ali m'badwo wa 43 mmodzi mwa mbadwa za Mneneri Muhammad. Monga lamulo, wolamulira m'mayiko achiarabu ali ndi mphamvu zopanda malire, komabe mu Yordano mphamvu ya mfumu ikulamulidwa ndi malamulo ndi nyumba yamalamulo.

Lero ndi lamtendere kwambiri m'mbali zonse za chigawo cha Arabia. Ndalama yaikulu ya dziko lino ndi zokopa alendo, komanso thandizo lochokera ku mayiko ena Achiarabu omwe ali olemera.

Palestina

Gawo lodziwika lakummawa kwa nyanja ya Mediterranean lili ndi zigawo ziwiri zomwe sizikhala moyandikana nawo: Gaza lozungulira malire a Israeli ndi Aigupto, ndi West Bank ya Yordano, yomwe imakhudza Yordano kuchokera kummawa, ndipo ikuzunguliridwa ndi mbali zonse za Israeli. Mwachibadwa, Palestina imagawidwa m'madera ambiri: ngalande yachonde, yomwe ili pamphepete mwa Nyanja ya Mediterranean, ndi kumapiri okwezeka kummawa kwake. Kummawa kwa dzikoli, steppes amayamba kuyenda bwino kupita ku chipululu cha Syria.

Mu 1988, pambuyo pa mikangano yambiri ya nkhondo ya Aarabu ndi Israeli ndi kukana kwa Yordani ndi Egypt kuti azinena za madera a Palestina, National Council of Palestine inalengeza kuti pakhale boma lodziimira. Pulezidenti woyamba wa ulamuliro ndi Yasser Arafat, pambuyo pa imfa yake, mu 2005, Mahmoud Abbas, yemwe adakali ndi mphamvu, anasankhidwa ku malo awa. Masiku ano, chipani cholamulira cha Gaza, ndi chipani cha Hamas, amene adayamba kulamulira chifukwa chogonjetsa chisankho mu ulamulirowu. West Bank ikuyang'anira ntchito zonse za boma za Palestina National Authority.

Ubale pakati pa Palestina ndi Israeli uli wovuta kwambiri ndipo umasamutsidwa ku nkhondo zankhondo. Malire a dziko la Palestina akulamuliridwa kumbali zonse ndi asilikali a Israeli.