Kodi plastid mu biology ndi chiyani?

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa maselo ndi zinyama? Yankho likupezeka mu mtundu wa zomera: mtundu wawo umadalira mtundu wa pigment mu maselo. Mitunduyi imakhalapo m'magulu ena apadera, omwe amatchedwa plastids.

Kodi plastids mu biology?

Kusiyanitsa kwa maselo a zinyama kuchokera ku zinyama ndiko kupezeka kwa ma chloroplasts, leukoplasts ndi chromoplasts. Izi zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mapuloteni aziyendera bwino. Ndi mtundu wa pigment womwe umakhala mu pulasitiki zomwe zimayambitsa mtundu wawo.

Mu selo iliyonse yamagulu a eukaryotic, osakhala nembanemba, memphane limodzi ndi memphane awiri a organelles ali okhaokha. Mitundu ya pulasitiki ndi mitochondria ndizozigawo zakumapeto kwa makompyuta, popeza zili ndi zigawo ziwiri za MTC.

Kodi maselo a pulasitiki ndi chiyani? Mitundu ya pulasitiki

1. Chloroplasts. Mbali ziwiri za memphane za maselo a zomera zomwe zimayambitsa ndondomeko ya photosynthesis. Zimakhala ndi malalakoids omwe maofesi a photosynthetic amapezeka. Ntchito ya thylakoids ndi kuwonjezeka kwa yogwira pamwamba pa organelle. Kodi mapulasitiki obiriwira ndi otani? Izi ndi ma chloroplasts, omwe ali ndi zobiriwira zobiriwira - chlorophyll. Pali magulu angapo a mamolekyu awa, omwe ali ndi udindo wawo. Mu zomera zapamwamba kwambiri chlorophyll a , yomwe ndi kulandira kwakukulu kwa mphamvu ya dzuwa mu photosynthesis.
2. Leukoplast. Mapulasitiki osayika omwe amagwira ntchito yosungiramo ntchito m'maselo omera. Iwo akhoza kukhala ndi mawonekedwe osalongosoka, kuyambira kuchokera pamphepete kupita ku mawonekedwe ophwanyika. Kawirikawiri mafupawa amatha kuunjika ponseponse pamtundu wa selo, ndipo mu microscope amatha kupezeka pokhapokha ngati pali piritsi lalikulu. Malingana ndi chikhalidwe cha zinthu zosungidwa, pali mitundu itatu ya leukoplasts. Amyloplasty imakhala ngati cholandira cha mavitamini, chomwe chomeracho chimafuna kusunga kufikira nthawi inayake. Proteoplasty imasunga mapuloteni osiyanasiyana. Oleoplasts amadziunjikira mafuta ndi mafuta, omwe ali magwero a lipids. Ndicho chimene chimapangidwira, chomwe chimagwira ntchito yosungirako.
3. Chromoplast. Mtundu wotsiriza wa plastids, umene uli ndi chikasu, malalanje kapena mtundu wofiira. Chromoplasts ndilo gawo lomaliza la chloroplasts, pamene chlorophyll yawonongedwa, ndipo mafuta okhaokha omwe amatha kusungunuka amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu pulasitiki. Chromoplasts amapezeka m'maluwa a maluwa, zipatso zokhwima komanso ngakhale mitengo yamitengo. Tanthauzo lenileni la organelles silidziwika bwino, koma amaganiza kuti ali ndi chidebe cha carotenoids, komanso amapatsa zomera mtundu wina. Mtundu umenewu umakopa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwe zimalimbikitsa kuchulukitsa kwa zomera.

Leukoplasts ndi chromoplasts satha kugwiritsa ntchito photosynthesis. Chlorophyll mu organelles izi zinachepetsedwa kapena zinasoweka, kotero ntchito yawo inasintha mwa njira yolumikizidwa.

Udindo wa ma chloroplasts pakusintha kwa chidziwitso cha chibadwa

Kodi plastid ndi chiyani? Izi sizowonjezera mphamvu ya selo, komanso nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zina za chilolezo cha selo. Chimaimira ngati maselo a DNA ozungulira, omwe amafanana ndi mawonekedwe a prokaryotic nucleoid. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyambitsa ma plastids, pamene maselo a bakiteriya amatengedwa ndi maselo a zomera, kutaya ufulu wawo, koma amasiya majini.

DNA ya ma chloroplasts imatanthawuza kubadwa kwa selo. Amapatsirana pokhapokha ndi chithandizo cha maselo opatsirana pogonana omwe amachititsa kuti akazi azigonana. Spermia sangathe kulengeza DNA yamtundu wa plastid.

Ndi momwe ma chloroplast alili ovomerezeka a organelles, mapuloteni ambiri amapangidwa mwachindunji mwa iwo. Komanso pagawoli, mapulasitikiwa amadzipangira okha. Komabe, mapuloteni ambiri a chloroplast amapangidwa pogwiritsira ntchito chidziwitso kuchokera ku DNA ya pathupi. Ndicho chimene plastids zimachokera ku malo owona za majini ndi biology.

Chloroplast ndi malo osungira magetsi

Pogwiritsa ntchito photosynthesis pa thylakoids ya chloroplasts, zinthu zambiri zamagetsi zimayambira. Ntchito yawo yaikulu ndikutulutsa shuga, komanso ma molekyulu a ATP. Zachiwirizi zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambirimbiri zomwe zimayendera selo.

Kodi plastid ndi chiyani? Ndi gwero la mphamvu pamodzi ndi mitochondria. Njira ya photosynthesis imagawidwa mu magawo ofunika ndi amdima. Pakati pa kuwala kwa photosynthesis, zotsalira za phosphorous zimagwirizanitsa ndi mamolekyu a ADP, ndipo pamtunduwu, selo limalandira ATP.