Chloroplast - wobiriwira selo organelle

Chloroplast - ichi ndi chimodzi mwa organelles okhazikika selo. Iwo akuchita ndondomeko zofunika tanthauzo mapulaneti - photosynthesis.

Angamulambirire wa organelles dongosolo dvuhmembrannyh

Aliyense organelle imakhala ndi zida pamwamba ndi okhutira mkati. Chloroplasts ndi mitochondria nyumba ya foni prokaryotic - zamoyo ndi phata. Padziko organelles izi zida tichipeza nembanemba awiri olekanitsidwa ndi danga. Spatially ndi anatomically iwo zogwirizana mbali zina structural maselo zimakhudzidwa kagayidwe mphamvu. Mitochondria ndi organelles mitundu yambiri ya bowa, zomera ndi nyama. Iwo amatumikira kwa ATP kaphatikizidwe - mankhwala amene ali ngati maselo mphamvu malo. Chloroplast - komanso dvuhmembrannaya organelle, umene uli gulu la plastids.

A zosiyanasiyana plastid

Mu maselo a zamoyo pali mitundu itatu ya plastids. Ndi chloroplasts, chromoplasts ndi leucoplasts. Iwo amasiyana mtundu, maonekedwe structural ndi ntchito. Chloroplast - ndi plastid wobiriwira, munali wotchedwa chlorophyll pigment. Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri chifukwa kukhalapo kwa ena utoto, iwo akhoza kukhala bulauni, ndi wofiira. Mwachitsanzo, mu algae zosiyanasiyana selo. Imodzi chromoplasts nthawi colorless. Ntchito yawo yaikulu - ndi kusunga zakudya. Choncho, mbatata tubers ali wowuma. Chromoplasts - plastids ali ndi inki carotenoid. Iwo anapereka mtundu ziwalo zosiyanasiyana za mbewu. Zowala ndi mizu ya kaloti ndi Beets, maluwa pamakhala ndi chitsanzo chapadera cha ichi.

Plastids akhoza kusintha. Poyamba uka kwa maselo minofu maphunziro amene ali vesicles yaing'ono atazungulira nembanemba awiri. Mu kukhalapo kwa dzuwa mphamvu ndi n'kukhala chloroplasts. Ndi ukalamba, masamba ndi zimayambira wa wotchedwa chlorophyll akuyamba kugwetsa. Chifukwa, plastids wobiriwira akusinthika mu chromoplasts.

Tiyeni zitsanzo zingapo kwambiri. Aliyense anaona kuti m'dzinja masamba kusintha mtundu. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti chloroplasts akusinthika mu wofiira, wachikasu, bardovye plastids. Kusintha chomwecho zidzachitika zipatso yakucha. Mu kuwala kwa tubers mbatata kutembenukira wobiriwira: mu leucoplasts amayamba chlorophyll. Chomaliza chitukuko cha plastids ndi chromoplasts monga iwo alibe kupanga zina nyumba zofanana.

Kodi inki?

Mtundu, ntchito ndi kapangidwe ka chloroplast chifukwa kukhalapo kwa zinthu zina - inki. Mwa chibadwa ali mankhwala organic, chekeni madera osiyana a mbewu. Chlorophylls ndi ambiri a iwo. Zikupezeka maselo a algae ndi zomera apamwamba. Mu chikhalidwe, carotenoids amagwiritsidwa Nthawi zambiri. Iwo anapeza zinthu zamoyo odziwika bwino kwambiri. Makamaka, zomera zonse, mitundu ina ya tizilombo, tizilombo, nsomba ndi mbalame. Komanso, iwo mtundu matupi osiyanasiyana, carotenoids ndi waukulu zithunzi inki, kupereka zithunzi ndi mtundu maganizo.

Kapangidwe ka Kakhungu ndi

Bzalani chloroplasts ndi Kakhungu awiri. Komanso, yosalala kunja. A mkati mitundu excrescences. Iwo akuuzidwa mu zili chloroplast, wotchedwa stroma. Popeza mkati nembanemba nyumba womangidwa ndi wapadera - thylakoids. M'mawonekedwe, iwo ali lathyathyathya odnomembrannye thanki. Iwo akhoza adzaikidwa singly kapena anasonkhana stacks zidutswa 5-20. Iwo amatchedwa grana. Kuwataya pa nyumba thylakoid inki. The akuluakulu ndi chlorophylls ndi carotenoids kuchita ntchito Kuthandiza. N'zofunika dzuwa. The stroma mulinso molekyulu ya DNA ndi RNA, wowuma chimanga ndi ribosome.

Ntchito ya chloroplasts

Ntchito yaikulu ya plastids wobiriwira - kaphatikizidwe zinthu organic ku zochita kupanga chifukwa mphamvu ya kuwala. mankhwala ake ndi polysaccharide shuga ndi oxygen. Popanda Margolis Wheel mpweya kupuma kwa anthu onse Padziko Lapansi Zikanakhala zosatheka. Izi zikutanthauza kuti dzuwa ndi ndondomeko yofunika tanthauzo m'mapulaneti.

Kapangidwe ka chloroplast zotsatira mu ntchito zake zina. Pa nembanemba wa plastid ndi amapezeka ATP kaphatikizidwe. Mtengo wa ndondomeko imeneyi chagona pa kudzikundikira ndi kusunga wina kuchuluka kwa mphamvu. Izi zidzachitika pakutchulidwa mikhalidwe yabwino chilengedwe: pamaso pa madzi okwanira, dzuwa mphamvu chakudya. M'kati mwa njira yaikulu ya ATP ndi lamamatira kumasula wina kuchuluka kwa mphamvu. Iwo ankadya pa kukhazikitsa kukula, chitukuko, kayendedwe, kubereka, ndi njira zina zofunika. ntchito chloroplast alinso chakuti ena a plastids awa apanga lipids, mapuloteni Kakhungu ndi michere nawo photosynthesis.

kutanthauza dzuwa

Chloroplast - ulalo pakati pa zomera ndi chilengedwe. Chifukwa cha dzuwa amapezeka osati mapangidwe mpweya, koma vuto la mpweya mu chikhalidwe, wa hydrogen, kukhalabe zikuchokera zonse m'mlengalenga. Zimenezi zimasokoneza anthu ambiri carbon dioxide, pofuna zotsatira kutentha, kutenthedwa ya padziko lapansi, ndi imfa ya anthu ambiri padziko lapansili. Plastids chloroplasts, amene organelles maselo kugwira ntchito n'kofunika kuzindikira kuti kuli moyo padziko lapansi.