Mbali za kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya chivundikiro chazu mu zomera

Cholengedwa chilichonse chokhala ndi moyo chimapangidwira moyo wamba, kuti chiteteze ku zovuta zosiyanasiyana, kuchokera kwa adani mpaka nyengo zovuta. Zomera sizinali zosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, algae, kuti adziteteze ku mphamvu ya madzi othamanga ndi liwiro lake, ali ndi rhizoids yapadera - suckers, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi gawo lapansi ndi kukhalabe m'malo.

Koma mitengo yapamwamba pa izi ili ndi mizu ya mawonekedwe osiyana ndi kutalika. Komabe, chiwalo chobisala chimadzifunikanso chitetezo, chifukwa nthaka ndi malo ovuta kwambiri. Mwa ichi amathandizira mitu ya mizu, mbali za momwe tidzakambirane m'nkhaniyi.

Zapadera za chomera chomera

Kuchokera ku sukulu ya pulayimale, mwana aliyense amadziwa zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito chipangizo cha thupi . Inde, zokhutira zamkati zimakhalabe zosadziwika kwa anthu ambiri, kupatula anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi. Komabe, ziwalo zakunja zimadziwa zonse. Izi ndi izi:

• Kuwombera, kuimiridwa ndi mbali ya kunja: tsinde, tsamba, maluwa (kwa angiosperms);
• Mbali yapansi pansi yomwe idapangidwa ndi mizu.

Choncho, palibe chachilendo chomwe chingatchulidwe pano. Kusiyana kokha pakati pa oimira onse ndi njira yoberekera, ndipo motero, mawonekedwe a ziwalo zoberekera. Mu gymnosperms ndi cone ndi mbewu, angiosperms ali ndi duwa ndi ziwalo zamkati zobereka, mu spore - ndi sporangia.

Komabe, mizu ya zomera ndi yofanana kwa magulu onse omwe asankhidwa. Ndiwo mbali yake yofunikira pansi, kuchita ntchito zingapo zofunika.

1. Mofanana ndi nangula, mizu imapanga zomera m'nthaka.
2. Zimathandiza kutenga ndi kunyamula madzi ndi kusungunuka mchere.
3. Mitundu yambiri ndi malo okhutira zakudya zina.
4. Amapereka oimira onse ndi geotropism yabwino (gawo lapadera mu izi likusewera ndi nsonga ya muzu).
5. Mitundu ina imakhala ngati ziwalo zina zowonjezera mpweya kapena mpweya wa madzi.

Mwachiwonekere, chiwalo ichi ndi chofunikira kwambiri. Zikudziwika kuti ngati chomera chomera chomera chomera chimawononga kwambiri mizu yake, chidzafa kapena chidzakhala cholimba komanso chodwala nthawi yaitali. Izi ndi chifukwa chakuti mizu ya zomera imabwezeretsedwa, monga ziwalo zina zonse, koma ndi zilonda zambiri zimayamba kufa.

Muzu wa zomera: mitundu

Mwachidziwikire, chiwalo chobisala chomeracho chiyenera kukhala ndi maonekedwe ndi chitukuko chomwe chimalola kuti chikhale cholimba komanso chosagwedezeka. Chofunika kwambiri mu izi chikusewera ndi chivundikiro cha mizu. Komabe, tisanasanthule thupi lathu mkati, tidzasanthula zomwe zili kunja.

Mitundu yonse ya mizu ingagawidwe m'magulu atatu.

1. Mmodzi mwawo ndi msana, womwe umayamba kukula patsogolo.
2. Mizu yowonjezera ndi nthambi zomwe zimawonekera makamaka ndi moyo.
3. Pridatochnye - tsitsi lalikulu lomwe limapanga pa tsinde, lomwe lingakhale ndi kukula kwake: kuchokera ku thupi lochepa kwambiri komanso lopanda kukhala lopangidwa ndi zipilala zazikulu.

Pamodzi amapereka chomera chonse ndi ntchito zapamwambazi.

Mitundu ya mizu

Mitundu ya mizu - izi ndizo kusinthidwa ndi mawonedwe osazolowereka omwe amapezeka ku zomera zachilengedwe. Zimapangidwira kuti zikhale zofanana ndi zochitika za kukula, kapena kupambana mpikisano wa gawo ndi zakudya zamchere, madzi. Pali mitundu yambiri yowonjezera.

1. Mizu-yothandizira , kuchoka pa tsinde ndi kudzikonzekera mu nthaka. Anapangidwa kuti apitirize kulimbitsa mtengo waukulu wa mtengo. Mitengo yotere imatchedwa banyans.
2. Mizu yachitsulo - imathandizira kulimbikitsa chomera pamwamba pa gawo lina. Mwachitsanzo, ivy, mphesa zakutchire, nyemba, nandolo ndi zina.
3. Nkhumba zimakhala zowonongeka ndi zomera zowonjezera kuti zilowerere mu zimayambira za wolandiridwa ndi cholinga choyamwitsa zakudya kuchokera mmenemo. Dzina lawo lina ndi Haustoria. Chitsanzo: mbolo, mtanda wa petrine, dodder ndi ena.
4. Mizu yotentha. Izi ndi mizu ya mbali, yomwe imatulutsa oksijeni panthawi yomwe zomera zimakula kwambiri. Chitsanzo: Mangroves, msondodzi wosaya kwambiri, cypress yam'madzi.
5. Mpweya - mizu yowonjezeredwa, yomwe imachita ntchito yotenga chinyezi china kuchokera mlengalenga. Chitsanzo: orchid ndi zina epiphytes.
6. Tubers - kukula pansi pa mizu yowonongeka ndi yowonjezerapo pofuna kusunga zakudya zovuta ndi mankhwala ena. Chitsanzo: mbatata.
7. Mbewu yazomera ndi chiwalo chobisala, chomwe chimapangidwa ndi kukula kwa mzu waukulu, umene umasunga zakudya. Zitsanzo: kaloti, radishes, beets ndi ena.

Motero, tafufuza mbali za muzu wa chomera chomwe chikhoza kuwonedwa ndi diso lamaso, ngati icho chimasulidwa kuchokera pansi.

Mizu ya zomera

Mitundu yonse yosonyezedwa ya mbewu iliyonse imapanga dongosolo lonse. Icho chimatchedwa mzu umodzi ndipo pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu.

1. Uterine - kutchulidwa mozengereza ndi zofunikira, sungakhoze kuwona chinthu chachikulu.
2. Thupi - Muzu waukulu pakati pawo umawonetseratu momveka bwino, ndipo kenako ndi adnexal imafooka.

Mitundu ya mizu yotereyi imayimira ma angiosperms onse a zomera.

Mbali za mawonekedwe a muzu wa chomera (tebulo)

Tsopano tiyeni tiwone mkati mwa chomera kuti tipite ndi kukaphunzira chivundikiro cha mizu, zomwe zimapangidwira thupi lonse. Komabe, kuwonjezera pa chingwe chazu, palinso mbali zina. Kuti muwone mbali zonse za kapangidwe ka muzu wa chomera, tebulo idzakhala yabwino kwambiri.

Motero, tazindikira kuti kukula kwa mizu ya zomera kumayamba kuchokera ku calyptra ndipo kumathera ndi malo okhala ndi chigawo choyamba. Tsopano, tiyeni tiwone bwinobwino momwe makonzedwe ndi ntchito za pamwamba pazomwe zilili pansi pazilombo izi zodabwitsa.

Pamwamba pazuwo

Pali maina angapo omwe amasonyeza gawo ili la chiwalo chapansi. Choncho, mawu ofanana ndi awa:

• Calipta, kuchokera ku lat. Calyptra;
• Chophimba chazu;
• Chidule cha muzu;
• Caliptrogen;
• Chizindikiro cha muzu.

Komabe, zilizonse dzina, ntchito za mizu yophimba zomera sizisintha. Kawirikawiri, malowa ndi ochepa kwambiri mapangidwe pamtunda wa rootlet pansi. Mu microscope, amawoneka ngati kapu, amaika pamwamba kuti ateteze matenda osakanikirana ndi nthaka particles. Miyeso ya opalasa ndi yaing'ono, yokha 0,2 mm. Pokhapokha ngati malo osinthika monga mizu yopuma, imafika mamitala angapo.

Maonekedwe akunja amatsimikizira ntchito yaikulu ya chivundikiro - mwachibadwa, izi ndi chitetezo ku makina owonongeka. Komabe, siyo yokhayo.

Kodi maselo ali muzitsamba zotani?

Mazira a khola a mizu ndi awiri. Gawo loyamba liri kunja. Zimakhala zowonongeka, zowonjezereka, ndikukula bwino, moyandikana kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, malo osungirako mapulaneti sakhalapo. Moyo wa maselowa ndi ochepa kwambiri ndipo uli ndi masiku 4 mpaka 9 okha. Pa nthawiyi ayenera kukula ndi kugawa.

Choncho, njira za mitosis kumapeto kwa muzu zimachitika nthawi zonse. Chiyambi cha maselo a calyptra mwachizolowezi - kuchokera ku apical meristem, yomwe ili pamwambapa. Makoma a selo a nyumbazi ndi owonda, osakhala owoneka.

Pa moyo, maselowa sluschyvayutsya, akufa, samatulutsa osakaniza a polysaccharides - ntchofu. Choncho, ntchito ya chitsa cha mzu ndi kupereka zotetezera mucous zokutira za pamwamba pa chida chokhala pansi kuti zikhale bwino pakati pa nthaka particles.

Chifukwa cha ntchentche za anthu ogwira ntchito, zomangamanga zimagwirizana ndi msana ndipo zimayendetsa pansi. Komabe, awa siwo maselo okha omwe nkhaniyo imapangidwira.

Palinso maselo omwe mpandawo umapangidwira pakati pake - columella. Awa ndi mbewu zowonjezera, kapena amyloplasts. Zachokera ku zowonjezera za pulasitiki zomwe ziribe chlorophyll. Izi zikutanthauza kuti poyamba zinali zamoyo zosiyana zomwe zinaphunzira kukhala ndi chiyanjano ndi zinthu zopangidwa bwino kwambiri ndipo pang'onopang'ono zinasanduka maselo osakanikirana a mkati mwawo.

Amyloplastes ndi maselo omwe amasonkhanitsa mbewu zazikulu za polysaccharide. Kunja, iwo akuzungulirana, mofanana monga mwakhama omwe ali pamwambapa.

Ntchito ina ya mzuzi imakhudzana ndi iwo, yomwe tidzakambirana m'munsiyi. Onaninso kuti wowuma mu amyloplast angakhale ngati mphamvu yowonjezerapo ya mphamvu kwa chomera, ngati chilengedwe chimafuna.

Mphukira yamphuno imagwira ntchito mu zomera

Mmodzi wa iwo, waukuluwo, tawunikira kale. Bwerezenso kachiwiri ndi kuwonjezera zomwe sizinatchulidwe panobe.

Ntchito za chivundikiro cha zomera:

1. Makina a kunja kwa maselo a calyte amatulutsa polysaccharide mucus, yomwe imathandiza kuti kayendetsedwe ka mizu ifike pansi.
2. Mphungu yomweyi imalola kuti chomeracho chizipewa kuyanika.
3. Maselo a columella (mbali yapakati ya caliphra) ali ndi tirigu wowonjezera, omwe, chifukwa cha ichi, ndiwo malemba ndipo amachititsa ntchito zothandizira mizu. Chifukwa cha ichi, nthawi zonse amakhala ndi geotropism yabwino.

Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti ngati chomera chichotsedwa pamphepete, kukula kwake kudzatha m'litali. Komabe, silidzawonongeka, koma lidzakhazikitsa mizu yowonjezereka ndi yowonjezereka, kukulitsa dothi lonselo. Malowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi alimi ndi alimi ogwiritsa ntchito ulimi.

Mwachionekere, ntchito za muzu wa zomera ndi zofunika kwambiri. Pambuyo pake, mizu iliyonse yothandizira kapena yothandizira imakhalanso ndi mphasa pamwamba pake. Apo ayi, chomeracho chikanafa ngati kapu imachotsedwa pakati pa axial mizu. Pali zosiyana. Izi ndi mitundu ya zomera zomwe mizu yake ilibe zonse zopangidwa. Zitsanzo: madzi a mabokosi, duckweed, madzi a mtundu. Zikuonekeratu kuti izi ndizoimira oyimira madzi a zomera.

Ntchito ya amyloplasts

Tanena kale kuti pali ntchito ya kapu yomwe imagwirizanitsidwa ndi amyloplasts. Amadziunjikira mbewu zowonjezera ndikukhala zolemba zenizeni. Izi ndi zofanana ndi ma statocysts (otoliths) mkati mwa khutu la mkati mwa zinyama. Amagwira ntchito yofunikira pamalingaliro.

Malamulo a amyloplast amathandizanso izi. Chifukwa cha iwo, chomeracho "chimamva" malo a dziko lapansi ndipo chimakula nthawi zonse molingana ndi icho, ndiko kuti, chimatsogoleredwa ndi mphamvu yokoka. Mbali imeneyi inakhazikitsidwa koyamba ndi Thomas Knight mu 1806, yomwe inayesa zowonjezera zowonjezera. Ndiponso, chodabwitsa ichi chimatchedwa chomera aerootropism.

Geotropism

Geotropism, kapena gravitropism, ndizozoloŵera kutchula mbali ya zomera ndi ziwalo zawo kuti zikule kokha kudera la dziko lapansi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati, ngati mbeu imaloledwa kumera, ndikusintha mphika pambali pake, ndiye patapita kanthawi mzuwo umapangidwanso ndikuyamba kukula pansi, poganizira malo atsopano.

Kodi tanthauzo la mzuwu ndi chiyani? Ndi amyloplasts ya calyptra yomwe imalola kuti muzuwo ukhale ndi geotropism yabwino, ndiko kuti, nthawizonse imakula pansi. Ngakhale kuti zimayambira, zimakhala ndi geotropism yoipa, chifukwa kukula kwake kukukwera.

Chifukwa cha zochitika izi, zomera zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi nyengo yoipa ndipo zimayendetsedwa pansi ndi zimayambira, pambuyo pa zochitika zachibadwa (mabingu, matalala, mvula yamkuntho, mphepo), amatha kubwezeretsanso dziko lakale mu kanthawi kochepa.