Kodi chitsogozo, chikhalidwe chake ndi zikhalidwe zake ndi ziti?

Mtsogoleri ndi chitsulo chimene chimadziwika kale. Munthu amagwiritsa ntchito kuyambira 2-3 BC, ndipo nthawi yoyamba idatsegulidwa ku Mesopotamiya. Kumeneko kuchokera kutsogolo anapanga njerwa zazing'ono, statuettes, zinthu zosiyanasiyana zapanyumba. Ngakhalenso anthu analandira mkuwa pogwiritsira ntchito chipangizochi, komanso amapangidwa ndi mbale zachitsulo polemba ndi zinthu zakuthwa.

Kodi chitsulocho chimakhala ndi mtundu wanji?

Iye ndi gawo lachigawo chachinayi cha nthawi yachisanu ndi chimodzi cha Periodic Table, kumene ali ndi nambala 82 yokha. Ichi ndi galena yowonjezeka kwambiri, yomwe ndi PbS. Apo ayi, galena amatchedwa lead gloss. Chovala choyera ndi chitsulo chofewa komanso chosasungunuka. Mu mlengalenga, kudula kwake kumakhala kochepetseka ndi kapangidwe kakang'ono ka okusayidi. Oxides mobisa amateteza zitsulo kuti zisapitirize kuwonjezereka m'madera onse ozizira ndi owuma. Ngati chitsulo pamwamba, chophimbidwa ndi okosijeni, chiyeretsedwe, chidzakhala ndi mthunzi wodabwitsa kwambiri. Kuyeretsa koteroko kungatheke ngati kutsogolo kutsanulira kutsanulira pansi ndipo kumasindikizidwa mu botolo lopuma.

Kuyanjana ndi zidulo

Sulfuric ndi hydrochloric acids amachita kutsogolera kwambiri, koma chitsulo chimasungunuka mosavuta mu nitric acid. Mitundu yonse ya mankhwala a chitsulo, yomwe imatha kusungunuka, ndi yoopsa. Amapezeka makamaka kuchokera ku ores: choyamba, kutsogolo kutsogolo kumathamangitsidwa musanayambe kusuntha kutsogolera okosijeni, ndiyeno mankhwalawa amachepetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito malasha ku chitsulo choyera.

Malo Omwe Amagwiritsidwa Ntchito

Kuwongolera kwake ndi 11.34 g / cm ³ . Izi ndi zazikulu zoposa 1.5 kuposa kuchuluka kwachitsulo komanso zowonjezera kanayi kuposa zowonjezera. Osati kanthu mu Chirasha, mawu akuti "kutsogolera" ali ofanana ndi mawu akuti "heavy". Kutentha kusuntha kumachitika pa kutentha kwa 327.5 ° C. Chitsulo chimakhala chosasunthika kale pamtunda woyenda wa 700 ° C. Uthenga uwu ndi wofunika kwambiri kwa iwo amene amagwira ntchito potenga zitsulo. Ndi zophweka kwambiri kuti uziwombera ndi chikhomo, zimakhala zosavuta kuti uzikhala wochepa. Ichi ndi chitsulo chofewa kwambiri.

Kuyanjana ndi zitsulo zina, Kutentha

Kutentha kwapadera kwa kutsogolo ndi 140 J / kg. Pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ake, ndizochepa kwambiri zitsulo. Mu mndandanda wa zovuta, uli patsogolo pa hydrogen. Mchere wake umatsogolera mosavuta ndi zitsulo zina. Mwachitsanzo, mungayese kuyesa: ponyani ndodo kuchokera ku zinc mu njira ya acetate yankhaniyi. Kenaka adzakhazikika pazitsulo zokhala ndi zinyalala ngati mawonekedwe a khungu, zomwe amisiri amachititsa kuti "Mtengo wa Saturn." Kodi ndikutentha kotani kwa kutsogolera kofanana? Kodi izi zikutanthauza chiyani? Chiwerengerochi ndi 140 J / kg. Zotsatirazi ndizo: Kutentha kwa kilo imodzi ya chitsulo ndi 1 ^о С, 140 Mafunde a kutentha amafunikira.

Kufalitsa mu chilengedwe

Izi zitsulo sizinthu zambiri padziko lapansi - zokwana 0.0016% peresenti. Komabe, ngakhale mtengo umenewu umasonyeza kuti ndi wamba kuposa mercury, bismuth ndi golide. Asayansi amati izi ndizakuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya isotopisi imayambitsa zokolola za thorium ndi uranium, kotero zowonongeka zomwe zapangidwa padziko lapansi pang'onopang'ono zawonjezeka kuposa mamiliyoni a zaka. Pakali pano pali malo ambiri otsogolera amadziwika - galena amatchulidwa kale, komanso zotsatira za kusintha kwake kwa mankhwala.

Zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe: gawo la ore

Zotsatirazi zimaphatikizapo sulphate wotsogolera, cerussite (dzina lina - loyera zoyera), mimetite, stolcite. Ndalamayi imakhalanso ndi zinyalala - cadmium, mkuwa, zinc, siliva, bismuth. Kulikonse kumene mazira amatha kuchitika, chitsulocho sichidzaza ndi nthaka, koma ndi malo osungirako zitsamba ndi zomera. Kodi chimatsogolera chilengedwe ndi chiyani? Nthawi zonse ndizogwirizana kwake. Ndiponso chitsulochi chili muzitsulo zamagetsi - uranium ndi thorium.

Chitsulo Cholimba M'makampani

Chogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu makampani ndi kusakaniza kutsogolo ndi tini. Soda pansi pa dzina la "tractor" amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pophatikiza mapaipi ndi magetsi a magetsi. Chigawo ichi chili ndi gawo limodzi la kutsogolo ndi magawo awiri a tini. Zitsulo za zingwe zam'manja, mbali za mabatire zingakhalenso ndi kutsogolera. Kuyika kusungunuka kwa mankhwala ake ndi otsika kwambiri - mwachitsanzo, mapiritsi ndi cadmium kapena tinatungunuka pa 70 ° C. Zida zozimitsa moto zimapangidwa ndi mankhwala. Mitengo yazitsulo mu zomangamanga imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Kawirikawiri amajambula pang'onopang'ono. Nthawi zambiri zombo zimadzaza ndi tini ndi zitsulo zothandizira kuti zisawateteze.

Kufunika kwa anthu akale ndi ntchito

Aroma amagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo ichi kupanga mapaipi mu mapaipi. Kutsogoleredwa mu nthawi zakale kunkagwirizana ndi anthu okhala ndi saturn, ndipo kotero iwo asanatchedwe Saturn. M'zaka za m'ma 500 AD, chifukwa cholemera kwambiri, chitsulocho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesera zamatsenga. Nthawi zambiri ankatchulidwa kuti ali ndi mphamvu yokhala golide. Mtsogoleri ndi chitsulo chomwe nthawi zambiri chimasokonezeka ndi tini, chomwe chinapitirira mpaka zaka za zana la 17. Ndipo m'zilankhulo zakale za Slavic, iye anali nalo dzina limeneli.

Mawuwa anafika m'Czech cha masiku ano, kumene limatchedwa olovo. Akatswiri ena a zinenero amakhulupirira kuti dzina lakuti Plumbum likugwirizana ndi malo ena achigiriki. Chiyambi cha Chirasha cha mawu akuti "kutsogolera" kwa asayansi sichidziwikabe. Akatswiri ena a zinenero amawagwirizanitsa ndi liwu la Lithuanian "scwinas".

Kugwiritsa ntchito mwatsogolere m'mbiri ndikutulutsa zipolopolo, zida, ndi zipolopolo zosiyanasiyana. Anagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa cha mtengo wotchipa komanso malo otsika kwambiri. Poyambirira, pochita zida zowombera, kanyumba kakang'ono ka arsenic kanaphatikizidwa ndi chitsulo.

Mtsogoleri unagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Igupto wakale. Kuchokera pamenepo, zomangamanga zinapangidwira, ziboliboli za anthu olemekezeka, ndalamazo zidapangidwa konsekonse. Aiguputo anali otsimikiza kuti kutsogolera kuli ndi mphamvu yapadera. Iwo anapanga mbale zing'onozing'ono kuchokera mmenemo ndi kuzigwiritsa ntchito kuti aziteteze okha kwa osaganiza bwino. Ndipo Aroma akale sanangopanga madzi mapaipi basi. Anapanganso zodzoladzola kuchokera ku chitsulochi, ngakhale osadziŵa kuti iwowo akulemba chilango ichi cha imfa. Ndipotu, kulowa m'thupi tsiku lililonse, kumayambitsa matenda aakulu.

Nanga bwanji za malo amakono?

Pali zinthu zomwe zimapha umunthu pang'onopang'ono koma ndithudi. Ndipo izi sizikugwiranso ntchito kwa makolo akale omwe sankazindikiridwa. Zotsatira za kutsogolera poizoni lero ndi utsi wa ndudu, fumbi la mzinda wa nyumba. Zojambula zingapo ndizoopsa. Koma chovulaza chachikulu chimaperekedwa ndi mpweya wotopa wa magalimoto, zochuluka zedi zomwe zili ndi kutsogolera.

Koma m'madera omwe ali pangozi si anthu okhawo okhala m'midzi, komanso omwe amakhala m'midzi. Pano, chitsulo chikhoza kuwonjezeka mu dothi, kenaka n'kugwera muzolowera zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba. Chotsatira chake, munthu amalandira zoposa magawo atatu a chitsogozo kupyolera mu chakudya. Pachifukwa ichi, mphamvu zokha zokhudzana ndi antioxidants zimatha kukhala mankhwala: magnesium, calcium, selenium, mavitamini A, C. Ngati amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse, mungathe kudziletsa nokha kuopsa kwa zitsulo.

Kuvulaza

Mwana aliyense wa sukulu amadziwa kuti kutsogolo ndi kotani. Koma si anthu onse akuluakulu omwe angathe kuyankha funso lokhudza kuvulaza kwake. Zomwe zimalowa m'thupi kudzera mu kupuma. Kenaka akuyamba kuyanjana ndi magazi, akuchita ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana za thupi. Koposa zonse, mawonekedwe a minofu amavutika ndi izi. Pano pali 95% ya otsogolera onse omwe amadya ndi munthu.

Zomwe zili m'kati mwa thupi zimayambitsa kukula mwakuya, ndipo kwa akuluakulu amadziwonetsera ngati mawonekedwe achisoni. Zowonjezera ndi umboni wakuti palibe, kutopa. Amatumbo amavutsidwanso - magawo amatha kupezeka chifukwa cha kutsogolera. Chitsulo cholemera chimenechi chimakhudzanso kwambiri njira yobereka. Akazi amavutika kuti abereke zipatso, ndipo amatha kukhala ndi mavuto ndi ubwino wa umuna. Komanso, ndizoopsa kwa impso. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wina, akhoza kuchititsa zilonda zoopsa. Komabe, mu ndalama zosapitirira 1 mg, kutsogolera kungakhale kothandiza thupi. Asayansi apeza kuti chitsulochi chikhoza kukhala ndi bakiteriicidal m'maso - koma kumbukirani kuti kutsogolera kotero ndikugwiritseni ntchito pokhapokha ngati mankhwala osapitirira ovomerezeka.

Monga chomaliza

Monga tanena kale, dziko la Saturn linkaonedwa ngati woyang'anira chitsulo ichi. Koma Saturn mu nyenyezi ndi chithunzi cha kusungulumwa, chisoni ndi mavuto aakulu. Kodi si chifukwa chake kutsogolera si bwenzi wabwino kwa munthu? Mwinamwake, sayenera kulekerera anthu ake, monga momwe akale ankaganizira, akuitanira Saturn. Ndipotu, kuwonongeka kwa thupi kuchokera ku chitsulo kungakhale kosasinthika.