Zomwe Zimagwira Ntchito: Zitsanzo ndi Mpangidwe

Zimene zimasintha, kusinthanitsa, chigawo, kuwonongeka kumaganiziridwa panthawi yophunzira sukulu. Tiyeni tione zochitika za mtundu uliwonse, kupereka zitsanzo za kuyanjana.

Tanthauzo la nthawi

Kodi chidachitika ndi chiani, zomwe zitsanzozi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabungwe akuluakulu a maphunziro pachigawo choyamba cha maphunziro? Poyambirira, timazindikira kuti mawu akuti "chemical reaction" mu kemistri amaonedwa kuti ndi ofunika kwambiri.

Mu dziko lathu lapansi, zomwe zimachitika pamtengowo zimachitika maminiti alionse, zomwe zimakhala zofanana kwa ife, koma sitiganizapo za iwo.

Mwachitsanzo, kupanga zakumwa za carbonate, kutentha kwa nkhuni ndizo zitsanzo za zomwe zimachitika pamagulu.

Izi zimaphatikizapo kupanga zipangizo ndi maonekedwe ena oyenerera komanso oyenerera kuchokera ku mankhwala oyambirira.

Zizindikiro za kusintha kwa mankhwala

Ndondomeko iliyonse, kuphatikizapo mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakompyutayi, ikuphatikizapo zizindikiro zina:

• Kutulutsidwa kwa kuwala kapena kutentha;
• Sinthani mtundu wa yankho;
• Kutulutsidwa kwa nkhani yamagetsi;
• Kuwoneka kwa fungo lapadera;
• Kusokonezeka kapena mphepo.

Zomwe zimayendera

Malinga ndi maonekedwe a chikhalidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala, mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamtengowo akhoza kuyenda pansi pa zosiyana.

Mwachitsanzo, kuyanjana kwa mawonekedwe a 2Ca + O2 = 2CaO (kutaya kwa laimu) ndalama zopanda kutenthedwa koyambirira, kuphatikizapo kutulutsa mphamvu yowonjezera.

Kodi njirayi ikugwiritsidwa ntchito molondola motani? Zofanana zofanana zimagwiritsira ntchito kulembedwa kwa zinthu zoyamba kumbali ya kumanzere, ndipo zomwe anachita zimapangidwa kumanja.

4Na + O2 = 2Na2O

Njira zoterezi zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zina. Choncho, khalidwe labwino la kusatsimikizika (kukhalapo kwa mgwirizano wambiri) ndi momwe mankhwala akuyambira ndi potassium permanganate amatengera.

Kutentha nkhuni

Izi zimachitika molingana ndi equation:

C + O ₂ = CO ₂

Izi ndizomwe zimachitika pamtengowo, zitsanzo za zomwe tazitchula kale. Kodi chofunika ndi chiyani? Pamene nkhuni zimagwirizanitsa ndi mpweya mumlengalenga, ma molecule a carbon dioxide amapangidwa. Njirayi ikuphatikizidwa ndi mapangidwe a kamolekyu yatsopano ya mgwirizano wapakati, ndizochita zowonongeka.

Kodi njira yowonjezera ikhoza kutheka pakati pa zinthu zovuta? Zitsanzo za kuyanjana ndi zinthu zosavuta zakambidwa pamwamba, koma mtundu uwu umakhalanso ndi zinthu zovuta. Mchitidwe wotsatizana woterewu ukhoza kuganiziridwa ngati momwe amachitira kutseka laimu.

CaO + H ₂ O = Ca (OH) ₂

Njirayi ikuphatikizidwanso ndi kutulutsa mphamvu yowonjezera. Zina mwazochitikazi, timadziwona zokha.

Kulemba

Malingana ndi momwe zinthuzo zinayambira ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito, zomwe zimachitika pamtengowo, kuwonongeka, m'malo mwake, kusinthana ndikutalikirana. Tiyeni tione zitsanzo zawo, komanso tipereke tanthauzo la njira zoterezi.

Kulowa m'malo ndikutengera gawo la chigawo ndi ma atomu a chinthu chophweka.

Kuphatikizana ndi njira yogwirizanitsa zinthu zingapo zosavuta kapena zovuta ku chimodzi chimodzi chovuta. Zitsanzo za njira zoterezi zikhoza kutchulidwa kuchokera kumalo osakanikirana ndi omwe amapangidwa.

2H ₂ + O ₂ = 2H ₂ O

Izi zimachitika ndi kutulutsa kutentha kwakukulu, kotero kuphulika kumatheka.

C ₂ H ₄ + H ₂ = C ₂ H ₆

Pamene haidrojeni imadutsa kupyolera mu ethylene, kugwirizanitsa kaŵirikaŵiri kumapangidwanso, kupanga mapangidwe a hydrocarbon akudzaza.

Kuwonongeka ndi mankhwala omwe amachititsa kupanga mapangidwe angapo kuchokera kumodzi kampangidwe kamodzi, kukhala ndi chiwerengero chosavuta komanso chokwanira.

Zosintha za Ion ndizochitika pakati pa zinthu zovuta, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mbali zikuluzikulu zimapezeka.

Pali zinthu zitatu zomwe zimayendera njira yotere: kutentha kwa mpweya, mvula, mpangidwe wa malodisocompound.

Kuyanjana kotereku kumatchedwa esterification, chifukwa chotsirizira chochitidwa ndi ester. Mkhalidwe wa ndondomekoyi kutsogolo ndikutulutsidwa kwa mchere wa sulfuric muyeso yosakaniza.

Gawani ndi zinthu zonse zomwe zimagwirizana

Njira zonse zamagulu zimayikidwa motsatira malingaliro ameneŵa kukhala ogwirizana komanso osagwirizana. Pachiyambi choyamba, zinthu zoyamba ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndizofanana, ndipo mitundu yosiyana imaloledwa.

Mwachitsanzo, kugwirizana kotere kudzakhala kofanana:

H ₂ (mafuta) + Cl ₂ (gasi) = 2HCl (gasi)

Monga zosagwirizana, zotsatirazi zingaganizidwe:

CaO (s) + H ₂ O (g) = Ca (OH) _{2 (p-p)}

Posintha digiri ya mchere

Zomwe zimachitika pamtengowo, njira yomwe idaperekedwa pamwambapa (kupanga madzi kuchokera ku zinthu zosavuta), ndizokonzanso. Chofunika cha ndondomekoyi ndi chakuti kuvomereza ndi kubwerera kwa magetsi kumachitika.

Zina mwa zomwe zimachitika pakompyuta palinso njira zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi kusintha kwa madigiri a okosijeni, ndiko kuti, si OVP:

CaO + H ₂ O = Ca (OH) ₂

Mwachikhalidwe cha kutaya

Malinga ndi momwe njirayi ingayendetsere kutsogolo kapena zomwe zimachitika zimakhala zosiyana, muzilengedwe, zosagwirizanitsa ndi zosinthika zosiyana zimasiyana.

Mwachitsanzo, khalidwe labwino la mankhwala osakanikirana ndi losasinthika, chifukwa ilo limapangitsa kupanga mapuloteni osakanikirana kapena ophulika. Chitsanzo cha mgwirizano woterewu ndi momwe "galasi la siliva", lomwe ndi njira yabwino yothetsera chisakanizo cha aldehydes.

Zina mwazochitika zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimasinthidwa zomwe zimatha kuyendayenda m'njira ziwiri zosiyana, timadziwa momwe esterification imachitira:

CO ₂ + H ₂ O = H ₂ CO ₃

Pa ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito

Nthawi zina ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito accelerator (chothandizira) kuti mankhwala asinthe. Chitsanzo cha mgwirizano wothandizira ndi kuwonongeka kwa hydrogen peroxide.

Mbali za IRS kupititsa

Pakati pa mafunso amene nthawi zambiri amavutitsa ana a sukulu ndiye kuti makonzedwe a coefficients akugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito njira yamagetsi. Poyambira, pali malamulo ena, malinga ndi zomwe mu chinthu chilichonse ndizotheka kudziŵa zigawo za okosijeni za zinthu zina.

Mosasamala kanthu kuti chinthu chosavuta kapena chovuta chimaganiziridwa, chiwerengero cha iwo chiyenera kukhala zero.

Gawo lotsatira lidzakhala kusankha kwa zinthu zimenezo kapena zinthu zina zamagulu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti phindu la dothi likhale losinthika. Amalemba mosiyana, kusonyeza zizindikiro "kuphatikiza" kapena "kuchepetsa" chiwerengero cha ma electron.

Pakati pa ziwerengerozi, nambala yaing'ono kwambiri imapezeka, ikagawidwa ndi chiwerengero cha alandilo ndi opatsidwa ma electron, zidzatengedwa.

Chiwerengero chomwe amachipeza ndi coefficients stereochemical yokonzedwa mu equation ya ndondomeko ndondomeko. Gawo lofunika pofufuza momwe zowonjezera zowonjezera zowonongeka ndikutulutsa khungu la oxidizing ndi kuchepetsa wothandizira, komanso kulembetsa zomwe zikuchitika. Monga wothandizira kuchepetsa, ma atomu kapena ayoni amasankhidwa omwe, panthawi yogwirizana, adakulitsa dziko lawo la okosijeni, chifukwa cha oxidizer, mosiyana, kuchepa kwa chiwerengerochi ndi khalidwe.

Kodi chilengedwe chimapangitsanso kusintha kotereku? Zomwe zimachitika pakompyuta, mmalo mwake, kuwonongeka, ndi kutuluka ndi kusintha kwa mlingo wa okosijeni zimaganiziridwa ndi ndondomeko yofananayo.

Pali zodziwikiratu mu makonzedwe a madigiridwe a okosijeni, koma ndalama zawo ziyenera kukhala zero.

Malinga ndi momwe digiri ya mavitamini amasinthira, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya machitidwe a mankhwala amasiyana kwambiri:

• Kusiyanitsa - kumagwirizana ndi kusintha kwa madigiri a okosijeni a chinthu chomwecho mu njira yayikuru ndi yaying'ono;
• Kusiyanitsa - kumaphatikizapo kuyanjana kwa wothandizira wothandizira ndi oxidizer, omwe ali ndi chinthu chomwecho, koma ndi madigiri osiyana siyana.

Kutsiliza

Monga chidule, timadziwa kuti pamene zinthu zimagwirizana, zimasintha ndi kusintha. Zotsatira za mankhwala ndi kusinthidwa kwa chimodzi kapena zingapo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zikhale zosiyana komanso zosiyana.

Ngati pali kusintha kwa mapangidwe a atomic nuclei nuclear transformations, ndiye kuti sizomwe zimakhalira ndi zotsatira za mankhwala, kubwezeretsedwa kokha kwa magetsi ndi magetsi, komwe kumayambitsa maonekedwe atsopano.

Kupeza njira kumatha kuyenda limodzi ndi kutulutsidwa kwa kuwala, kutentha, maonekedwe a fungo, mvula, mapangidwe a gaseous substances.

Pali njira zambiri zomwe mungasankhire zokhazokha ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana. Zina mwazosiyana kwambiri tingathe kutchula kusintha kwa mavitamini, dziko lonse, kutembenuka kwa kayendetsedwe kake, kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake, kugwiritsa ntchito chothandizira (inhibitor).

Zotsatira za mankhwala sizomwe zimangotengera kupanga mafakitale, komanso maziko a moyo. Popanda njira zamagetsi zomwe zimachitika m'zinthu zamoyo, kukhalapo sikungatheke.