Kubalana ndi chiyani? Kodi njira ndi ziwalo zoberekera ndi ziti?

Chimodzi mwa zovuta kwambiri, zozizwitsa ndi zozizwitsa njira mu chilengedwe ndi kubalana. Ndikofunikira, ndipo chifukwa chaichi moyo wa zamoyo zonse padziko lapansi umathandizidwa. Choyamba, tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane chomwe chiri. Kubalana ndi kuthekera kwa zamoyo zonse kupanga zamoyo zofanana ndizokha. Popanda luso limeneli, palibe woimira moyo wa chilengedwe angakhale padziko lapansi.

Njira zobalera

Tsopano ganizirani mtundu wonse wa kubalana, pali ziwiri zokha. Zimasiyana mosiyana kuchokera kwa wina ndi mzake, koma nthawi zina muzomwe zili zosafunika kwambiri zomwe mungathe kuziwona.

Kubalanso ndizowonjezera

Kuberekera kwa zamoyo, monga protozoa, bowa, mabakiteriya, coelenterates, algae, sponges, zipolopolo, zomera zakuda ndi mabyoyoans, amatchedwa asexual.

Mitundu yosavuta yobereka ikhoza kukhala ndi mavairasi. Nucleic acids amathandiza kwambiri mu njirayi , komanso momwe ma molekyumu awo amadziwira mobwerezabwereza. Amakhalanso ndi zida zowonongeka za hydrogen pakati pa nucleotides.

Pali njira zina zowonjezeretsa kubereka kwa zamoyo - vegetative komanso chifukwa cha sporulation.

Choyamba, taganizirani za vegetative. Kubereka kumeneku ndiko kukula kwa thupi latsopano kuchokera kumbali yosiyana ndi mayi. Njira yofanana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu osagwiritsa ntchito ma selo ndi ma multicellular, koma kumawonekera m'njira zosiyanasiyana.

Kuwonjezeka kwa zamasamba za nyama zamitundu yambiri kumayambira magawano a thupi lawo kukhala mbali zofanana, ndiye chamoyo chamoyo chimachokera mmenemo. Mofananamo, chiwerengero cha mbalame zamphepete, mitsempha, masiponji, hydrasi ndi zolengedwa zina zambiri zimasungidwa. Komabe palinso chinthu monga polyembryony mu nyama. Panthawi imeneyi, mluza umayamba kugawidwa mu zigawo zomwe kenako zimakhala zosiyana. Njira yotere yoberekera ikuwonetsedwa. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti iwo amabala pokhapokha kugonana.

Kubereka kwa zinyama za nyama zamtundu wina uli ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana - kuphulika, magawano ndi magawano ambiri.

Kugawikana kwambiri kumatchedwanso schizogony, pakadali pano kagawo kakagawanika kenaka cytoplasm imagawidwa m'magulu.

Pogwiritsa ntchito mwapang'onopang'ono, njira ya mitotic ya fission ya pathupi imachitika, pomwe phokoso lamakono limayamba.

Tsopano tiyeni tipitirize ku zisakayendedwe budding. Kubereka kotereku ndiko kutuluka kwa maselo apadera kapena spores omwe ali ndi maziko. Ali ndi chipolopolo chachikulu ndipo amatha kukhala ndi moyo kwa nthawi ndithu m'zinthu zovuta kwambiri. Izi zimathandizanso kuti akhazikike. Kubereka kotereku ndi khalidwe la mosses, bowa, algae, mabakiteriya ndi ferns. Pali kuthekera kwa kupanga zoospore kuchokera ku maselo a algae obiriwira.

Kubereka kwa nyama ndi mapangidwe a spore kungapezeke mu plasmodium ya malaria ndi sporophores.

Zamoyo zambiri zingathe kugwirizanitsa zolaula ndi kugonana.

Kugonana

Kubereka ndizovuta kwambiri, ndipo anthu awiri, amuna ndi akazi, amafunika kuti azitha kuyenda bwino. Pakati pa kusintha kwake kwa ma genetic kudzera m'magetes (izi ndi maselo a kugonana). Njira imeneyi imatchedwa gametogenesis.

Pankhaniyi, ndi kotheka kusiyanitsa magulu angapo: kusakaniza kwa zamoyo za maselo ndi ma selo opatsirana pogonana, monga spermatozoa ndi ovules. Pachifukwa ichi pali zygotes, zomwe thupi latsopano limapangidwira. Atafika msinkhu, amayamba kudziletsa yekha.

Pali mitundu yambiri ya kubereka, komwe maselo osiyanasiyana ndi ziwalo zoberekera zimatenga mbali.

Mafomu ndi mitundu ya kubalana

Ndikofunikira kulingalira njira iliyonse mwatsatanetsatane, popeza onse ali ndi maziko osiyana ndi otuluka.

Za gametogenesis zatchulidwa kale, kotero ife sitidzabwereza.

Isogamu ndi kusagwirizana kwa mtundu wina

Mu mitundu iŵiriyi, maselo awiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma mu isogamy, maselo ali ofanana ndi mapangidwe, koma amachokera kwa makolo osiyana. Anisogamy imachokera ku maselo osiyanasiyana a kugonana - microgamet ndi macrogamets, omwe amasiyana ndi kukula kwake.

Mazira ndi maselo a umuna

Zomwe zimatchedwa maselo achikazi ndi amuna. Iwo amapangidwa mu ziwalo zogonana za anthu ofanana.

Dzira ili ndi ma chromosome a halide ndipo silingathe kugawidwa mwaulere.

Spermatozoa ndi ang'onoang'ono kuposa maselo azimayi. Iwo ali ndi dongosolo lodabwitsa lomwe limapereka iwo ndi kayendedwe kogwira ntchito. Kukhalapo kwa axoplasma ya mapuloteni ena kumapangitsa kugawanika kwa makoma a dzira kuti alowe mkati ndi kuwonjezeranso umuna. Selo lililonse la kugonana lili ndi gawo la chidziwitso cha makolo ndipo limaperekedwa kwa ana amtsogolo.

Parthenogenesis mwachangu

Kubereka kotereku ndi njira yowonongeka. Zitha kuzindikiranso kuti mmalo mwachinthu chokhazikika ndi chodziwika bwino chokhazikitsidwa. Mkaziyo amachokera ku mazira okhwima, ndi amphongo - kuchokera ku mazira osapangidwa. Motero pali chiwerengero cha chiwerengero cha njuchi.

Palinso mitundu yina ya parthenogenesis, yomwe ndi nthawi zonse komanso yopitiliza. Pachiyambi choyamba, mbeu imayamba kuchokera ku mazira omwe sangafanane ndi umuna. Izi zikhoza kuwonedwa mwa anthu omwe abambo awo omwe ali ndi makolo alibe mwayi wokomana nawo pofuna kubereka.

Pankhani ya parthenogenesis yachinyontho, ntchito yofunikira imasewera ndi chilengedwe. Pansi pa mphamvu yake, palinso kusintha kwa mtundu wobereka ndi parthenogenesis.

Zonse zomwe zafotokozedwa ndi gawo laling'ono chabe la kufotokoza kwa njira zodabwitsa komanso zodabwitsa padziko lapansi - kubereka. Chifukwa chake lero pali zamoyo zonse ndi zomera. Ngati kanthawi kokha lingaganize kuti zonse zomwe zili mu ndondomekoyi mosamalitsa, zimaganiziridwa bwino ndikukonzekera, ndiye wina angathe kuzindikira mphamvu za chilengedwe chonse. Pa mlingo wa mamolekyu ndi ma chromosomes, zinthu zozizwitsa zimachitika zomwe zimakhala zovuta kwa munthu wophweka kumvetsa.