Chiwerengero cha m'dera Tula: nambala, kachulukidwe

Mmodzi mwa zigawo wamkulu wa Russia, Tula dera, ali ndi yaitali ndi chidwi mbiri kumene kunachitika mu choyamba zikomo malo kwa anthu. Tula dera anthu ali, pa dzanja limodzi, chithunzi ankaikira dziko, pa zina - pali zinthu zenizeni, amene ali ndi ayenera kulankhula.

The madera a m'dera

dera Tula lili pafupi pakati pa mbali European la Russia. Ku likulu la Tula alekanitsa pafupifupi 150 Km. kumalire dera ndi Moscow, Makhachkala, Ryazan, Orel ndi Kaluga zigawo. M'dera la dera ndi 25,6 zikwi mamita lalikulu. Km. Malawi pa gawo kumpoto kum'mawa za ku Central Russian zomwe zili Mzimuyo lathyathyathya mtunda derali.

dera Tula ili mu steppe ndi steppe nkhalango mabacteria. Pali madzi atsopano mu mawonekedwe a anayamba mtsinje network zokhudza mabeseni wa Oka ndi Don. Madamu angapo analenga kupereka madzi midzi. Komabe, panthaŵi youma chigawo wamng'ono amamvera kuchepa kwa madzi.

Tula dera wakhala wotchuka nkhalango ake, lero pafupifupi 13% ya m'dera limene mukukhala kakwamba deciduous. Tula mchere mozungulira pang'ono. Izi ndi za malasha ndi miyala madipoziti, kuphatikizapo strontium, kusiyana madipoziti wachuma wa peat, kuyambira 15 m'ma anajambulapo ncho pafupi Tula.

Nthaka yachonde a m'dera akhala mwakhama ntchito ulimi. Chiwerengero cha m'dera Tula kwambiri intensively akufotokozera kum'mwera wakuda lapansi m'deralo.

nyengo

dera zimaŵetedwa ku kotentha chokhala ndi nyengo, amene amakhala ndi ozizira, koma osati ankhanza nyengo ndi yotenthayi imakhala. Kutentha pafupifupi anali pa kuzungulira 5 madigiri kuphatikiza. Pakati zizindikiro zabwino thermometer kwa masiku 220 pa chaka.

M'munda zambiri kugwa mvula mpaka 570 mm. Chilimwe nyengo akuyamba kumapeto May zimatha mpaka chiyambi cha September, kutentha ambiri July, mwezi yotentha, ndi madigiri 19.

Zima kumayambira November ndi chivundikiro chisanu udzakhazikitsidwe pa mapeto a mwezi womwewo. Mwezi kunkafika pachimake - January, ndi thermometer pa avareji pa nthawi ino ikagwa opanda madigiri 10.

yabwino ndithu, lililonse kwa Russia zinthu chapakati nyengo zinachititsa chakuti pali nthawi zonse anthu ankakhala. Chiwerengero cha m'dera Tula bwino ndinazolowera nyengo yake ndipo ataipeza omasuka kukhala. Palibe frosts kwambiri ndi sweltering kutentha, dzuwa kawirikawiri zokwanira. Zonsezi kuli ndi ubwino pa kulima mbewu. zikhalidwe, komanso bowa ndi zipatso, ndiwo wolemera mu nkhalango m'deralo.

Mbiri ya kuthetsa m'chigawo

Anthu oyamba anadza kwa mayiko amenewa wina zaka 12 zikwi zapitazo. Pali mobwerezabwereza anapeza zotsalira za anthu Kuyimitsa Paleolithic, Mesolithic ndi Neolithic. Alendo anakhalapo kuno ku gombe la mtsinje Desna, ana a Balts ndi Vyatichi.

Asayansi ndikudabwa chimene anthu ambiri a m'deralo Tula ankaona kwakukulu? Anatenga Baibulo mwambo kuti zambiri za anthu amachokera kwa mafuko woyamba Asilavo, anthu ena ali chabe zina mitundu zikuchokera.

Vyatichi anali wachangu ndi masterovitym anthu, iwo anali aluso mu zitsulo, ulimi, kuluka. Iwo anali kupereka msonkho kwa Khazars, akalonga Kievan kuti akumane ndi kuukira. Koma kuukira nthawi akadali zinachitika, inamangidwa chifukwa chitetezo cha mzinda linga Dedoslavl ndiye Belev ndi wamphamvu thundu linga, ndiye pali Novosil, ndi Tula Aleksin. Izi zinali zikuluzikulu ndi amphamvu Pamudzi. Za iwo zatchulidwa mobwerezabwereza olemba zosiyanasiyana.

Mu 1380, m'chigawo pali wotchuka Nkhondo ya Kulikovo, kenako amayamba kugwirizana kwa mayiko Russian padziko Moscow. Tula dera wasanduka dera zofunika mu chitetezo cha kumalire a kum'mwera kwa ufumu Moscow.

M'zaka za m'ma 17 imayambira chitukuko mafakitale dziko Tula pano kumanga mphamvu zokambirana zitsulo, amene chopangidwa zida mkulu khalidwe la asilikali Russian. Mu m'ma 18 analengedwa Tula Province, akuyamba Boom mafakitale imene inatenga ku zosokoneza pang'ono mpaka m'ma 20.

Mu Soviet Union, Tula dera anali wamba, koma tanthauzo la dera. Apa mwachangu osauka mafakitale ulimi, ndi pansi chitukuko cha madipoziti mchere. Mu nthawi pambuyo Soviet m'dera iyamba kukhala gawo zokopa alendo, monga ukuoneka makampani akuluakulu kupereka wachibale bata zachuma m'chigawochi.

Mphamvu ya anthu

Kuyambira 1897 izo imachitika polojekiti zonse chiwerengero cha anthu m'derali. Ndiye pali moyo miliyoni 1.4. Pamaso dera kusintha ndi wolimba kwambiri akhakula pa zana la 20, ngakhale mitengo zonyozeka. Ndipo popeza mapeto a 80s la sichikuyenda amphamvu akuyamba. Choncho, m'munda, panali anthu okwana 1,906, ndipo mu 2000, 1978 - kale miliyoni 1.743. Ndipo mavuto ndi kupitirirabe.

Masiku ano, anthu ambiri a Tula dera ndi miliyoni 1,506. Iwo sanali kuthandiza kutuluka kwa zaziwerengero pachimake pulogalamu "umayi likulu" derali, amene anasonyeza Mwachangu mkulu. Koma zinthu zina zambirimbiri zodziwira chakuti imaphwera dera. Tsoka zinthu akugwirizira kufika pachaka osamukawo, makamaka okhala maiko CIS. Chaka chilichonse m'chigawo zimangochitika 3000 anthu. Kodi anthu ambiri m'dera Tula adzakhala m'tsogolo, akatswiri ena sali okonzeka kuyankha lero, koma makonzedwe ndi bwino vuto kuti ayenera analankhula ngati dera si kanthu kwathunthu.

Administrative magawano ndi kugawa anthu

Lero, ambiri kachulukidwe anthu mu dera Tula ndi anthu 58,6 pa kilometre lalikulu. Km. Komabe, pali ntchito bwino mu kachulukidwe pakati pa mizinda ndi akumidzi. Pa zaka 50 zapitazi, chiwerengero cha nzika chinawonjezeka ndi 20%. Lero anthu 1.2 miliyoni okhala m'mizinda, pafupifupi 80% ya anthu - okhala m'tauni. Mudzi anadzikhuthula ndi kufa. Lero anthu a mizinda ya m'dera Tula ndi anagawira motere: kumzinda waukulu - Tula, mizinda ena ochepa kwambiri mu nambala (anthu 485 sauzande.). Novomoskovsk - anthu 126 zikwi, Don -. 64 zikwi, Aleksin -. 58 zikwi anthu Schekino -. 57 zikwi, Nodal -. 52 zikwi .. The mzinda wonsewo ngakhale zochepa. Tauni zing'onozing'ono - Chekalin (anthu 965).

makhalidwe zaziwerengero

Tula dera anthu amasonyeza azimuth bwino kwa ukalamba. Kubadwa ndi imfa mitengo akugwa, anthu amayamba kukhala moyo pang'ono, avareji zaka 69. Izi ndi otsika kwambiri chithunzi cha Russia, zimene zikusonyeza sinali bwino za moyo m'chigawochi.

Mu mlingo mkulu kudzipha okha, komanso kufa kwa makhalidwe chikhalidwe komanso chapadera. M'mavuto pa moyo amayembekezeka ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, omwe ali m'dera la lero si zabwino kwambiri. Chiwerengero katundu wa 773 munthu wolumala aliyense ogwira ntchito thousand (m'madera oyandikana, chithunzi ndi anthu 711).

makhalidwe a anthu

Anthu okhala m'dera Tula, Russian makamaka za 95%. 1% ali Chiyukireniya, ena mafuko umaimiridwa ndi magulu a zosakwana 1%. Chinenero chachikulu kulankhulana - ndi Russian. chipembedzo lalikulu - Orthodoxy.