Polonskiy Yakov Petrovich: yonena ndi ntchito

Anthu olemba Russian za m'ma XIX ndi olemba ndakatulo ndi amene ntchito yake ndi zofunika kwambiri monga chopereka mabuku a mtundu wa a Titans, ngati Pushkin, Gogol ndi Nekrasov. Koma popanda iwo, mabuku athu kuti asalandidwe mitundu yambiri ndi yosiyanasiyana, kupingasa ndi kukwera kwa chinyezimiro cha dziko Russian, amve ndi kukwaniritsa kuphunzira zovuta moyo wa mtundu wathu. A malo apadera mwa mawu etihmasterov amatenga ndakatulo ndi novelist Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich unakhala chizindikiro cha ubale wa olemba kwambiri Russian, amene anakhalako kuyambira pachiyambi ndi kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi.

A mbadwa ya Ryazan

moto anga mu chifunga kumawala

Nsakali ali chimatha pa ntchentche ...

Mlembi wa mizere kuchokera nyimbo imene yakhala kale wowerengeka, anabadwa mu mtima wa Russia, mu Ryazan zigawo. Mayi wa ndakatulo tsogolo - Natalia Y. - anachokera m'banja zaka Kaftyrevyh ndi bambo wake anali wa m'banja lachifumu osauka, amene anatumikira ku Ofesi ya Ryazan wolamulira wamkulu Petr Grigorevich Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich, anabadwa pa chiyambi cha December 1819, ndinali wamkulu mwa ana awo asanu.

Pamene Yakobo anali ndi zaka 13, amayi ake anamwalira ndi bambo ake pamene iye anaikidwa ku malo breech, anapita Erivan, kusiya ana m'manja mwa achibale a mkazi wake. Ndi nthawi Yakova Petrovicha Polonskogo kale zapita woyamba zolimbitsa thupi Ryazan, amene anali mmodzi mwa malo zachikhalidwe cha mudzi dziko.

Tinakumana ndi Zhukovsky

Muzichita rhyming zaka pamene pachimake anali namatetule wa Pushkin, zinali ponseponse. Mwa anthu amene ali Ambiri Amakonda osiyana zinkaoneka kuti zilandiridwenso ndakatulo, kusonyeza bwino kwambiri, kunalinso mwana wa sukulu achinyamata Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich, amene yonena mwadzaza chosaiwalika chibwenzi kupambana olemba Russian za m'ma XIX, Kawirikawiri ndinakumbukira za msonkhano, adali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa zochita pa moyo wake wolembayo.

Mu 1837 iye anapita Ryazan tsogolo Mfumu Alexander II. Korona Prince ku msonkhano pa mpanda wa masewera olimbitsa thupi Polonsky, m'malo mwa wotsogolera analemba mu ndime moni m'mavesi awiri, mmodzi amene anali kuchitika mogwirizana ndi nyimbo ya "Mulungu Save the Tsar!" Amene anakhala nyimbo boma cha Russian Ufumu zaka 4 m'mbuyomo. Madzulo, patapita bwino zinachitika kale zokhudza wolowa ku Mpandowachifumu, mkulu wa masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi ndinkakhala nalo phwando, kumene ndakatulo wamng'ono anadziwa yekha analemba malemba a nyimbo yatsopano - Vasiliem Andreevichem Zhukovskim.

Wolemba ndakatulo wotchuka, awathandize bwinobwino ndi mnzake wapamtima wa Pushkin kwambiri kutamandidwa ndakatulo Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich, pa tsiku kuchoka kwa Alexander ngakhale kupereka m'malo mwa mfumu ya m'tsogolo wotchi yagolide. Praise Zhukovsky analimbitsa Polonsky mu chilakolako kudzipereka kwake kwa mabuku.

Moscow University

Mu 1838 iye anadzakhala wophunzira wa chilamulo mphamvu ya University Moscow. M'nthawi nthawi zonse anali ndi asamangochita zimene akufuna chodabwitsa, ndi mkati ndi kunja kukopeka, amene amasiyana Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich mofulumira anapeza anzawo mwa kanjedza utsogoleri wa sayansi, chikhalidwe ndi luso. Ambiri Moscow nthawi abwenzi a yunivesite mabwenzi moyo kwa iye. Pakati pawo - wolemba ndakatulo Afanasiy Fet ndi Apollon Grigoriev, olemba mbiri SERGEY Solovyov ndi Konstantin Cavelin olemba Aleksey Pisemsky ndi Mikhail Pogodin, Decembrist Nikolai Orlov, katswiri wa nzeru ndi mtolankhani Peter Chaadaev, ndi wosewera kwambiri Mikhail Shchepkin.

Masiku amenewo, iye anabadwa pa ubwenzi weniweni Polonsky ndi Ivan Turgenev, chikuzika mphatso ya wina ndi mzake kwa zaka zambiri. Mothandizidwa ndi abwenzi, buku loyamba Polonsky - m'magazini ya "Mfundo za Lathu" (1840) ndi magulu andakatulo, "Popanga madzi a gamma" (1844).

Ngakhale kuti zatsopano loyamba la ndakatulo wachinyamata ndithu analandira otsutsa, monga Belinsky, iye ikufuna moyo ntchito zolembalemba anali maloto zilizonse. zaka Polonsky wophunzira wadutsa mu umphawi ndi mavuto, anakakamizika zonse kupeza kupereka pandekha ndi maphunziro apaderawo. Choncho pamene mpata kuti malo mu ofesi ya kazembe Caucasus wa Chiwerengero Vorontsov, Polonsky kusiya Moscow, basi kuyambira pamene anamaliza maphunziro maphunziro.

Panjira

Kuyambira 1844 anakhala woyamba ku Odessa, kenako anasamukira ku Tiflis. Panthawi imeneyi, anakumana ndi m'bale wake Pushkina Lvom Sergeevichem, collaborates mu nyuzipepala "Transcaucasian boma yotchedwa Gazette". Mwa zopereka ake a ndakatulo - "Sazandar" (1849) ndi "A ndakatulo Ochepa" (1851). Mu ndime ya nthawi pali kukoma wapadera, motsogozedwa ndi womdziwa wolemba ndakatulo ndi miyambo ya ng'ombezi, ndi mbiri za kulimbana Russia ndi ovomerezeka pa malire kum'mwera.

Izi zapadera luso Polonsky kuti luso zithunzi zinali kuonekera masiku a maphunziro ku sukulu Ryazan, kotero, motsogozedwa ndi zokongola wapadera wa Caucasus ndi madera ozungulira, wakhala zambiri zojambula ndi kupenta. chokonda limodzi ndi wolemba ndakatulo moyo.

Mu 1851, Yakov Petrovich anapita ku likulu, Saint Petersburg, komwe amapereka bwalo la anzake mabuku ndi kuchititsa ndakatulo latsopano. Mu 1855 anafalitsa buku lina, ndakatulo zake mosavuta kufalitsa bwino zolembalemba magazini - "Contemporary" ndi "Mfundo za Lathu", koma malipiro sangathe kupereka ngakhale moyo wodzichepetsa. Iye akukhala namkungwi mwana wa St. Petersburg Bwanamkubwa Smirnov. Mu 1857, mkulu wa mkulu wa banja ulendo Baden-Baden, ndi iwo amapita kunja ndipo Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich wayenda kwambiri ku Ulaya, kuphunzira kujambula pa ojambula zithunzi French, anakumana ndi angapo olemba Russian ndi ena ndi ojambula zithunzi - makamaka wotchuka Aleksandrom Dyuma.

moyo

Mu 1858 Polonsky anabwerera ku St. Petersburg ndi mkazi wake wamng'ono - Elena Vasilyevna Ustiug amene anakumana Paris. The zaka ziwiri zotsatira anali Yakov mmodzi wa zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri m'moyo. Choyamba zimakhala Avulala, zotsatira zake zidzakhala sangathe kuchotsa pamaso pa mapeto a moyo wake, akusuntha yekha mothandizidwa ndi ndodo. Ndiye kudwala Nthenda yofanana ndi tayifodi ndipo limafa mkazi Polonsky, ndipo patapita miyezi ingapo iye anapha ndi mwana wawo woyamba.

Ngakhale sewero linalake, wolemba ntchito modabwitsa mwakhama ndi m'ndendemo ku Mitundu yonse - kuchokera ndakatulo yaing'ono m'nyimbo, librettos kuti zazikulu buku mabuku prose zili luso - anali zinamuchitikira chidwi kwambiri Maulendo Ake ndi utolankhani.

ukwati wachiwiri 1866 Polonsky pamodzi Zhozefinoy Antonovnoy Ryulman, anadzakhala mayi wa ana awo atatu. Iye anapeza luso la zosemasema ndi nawo mbali pa moyo luso likulu Russian. The nyumba ndi chionetsero zolembalemba inachitika Polonsky, omwe anali nawo kwambiri olemba otchuka ndi ojambula zithunzi za nthawi. Izi madzulo ndipo ankachitika nthawi atamwalira ndakatulo, amene anatsatira October 30, chaka cha 1898.

cholowa

Anasiya Yakov mkulu ndi akuti kukhala wosiyana. Mbali yaikulu ya ndakatulo Polonsky ankaona lyricism ake wochokera ku Romanticism Polemeretsedwa namatetule wa Pushkin. Sichangozi iye ankaona m'malo woona wa miyambo ya ndakatulo wamkulu, osati chabe, ndakatulo Baklanov kawirikawiri ntchito mu nyimbo ake analemba wotchuka - Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky, Rachmaninov ndi ena ambiri. Komabe, ngakhale okonda wokhulupirika wa mphatso ndakatulo Polonsky ankakhulupirira kuti zomwe apamwamba mu ntchito yake osati kwambiri.

Wachitatu lotsiriza la zaka za m'ma XIX anzeru Russian anagawanika m'magulu awiri - ndi "Azungu" ndi "Slavophiles". Mmodzi wa iwo amene ankafuna kusonyeza kudzipereka poyera kwa wina maphwando anali Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich (zosangalatsa za mikangano ake ongolankhula ndi Tolstoy ali Maulendo a m'nthawi) anafotokoza mfundo zambiri ndiwofatsa za Russia ndi kukula mu chikhalidwe European, pamene kwakukulukulu sitikugwirizana ndi mnzake - bwino "kumadzulo" Ivan Turgenev.

Iye anakhala ndi ntchito olemera ndi maganizo a moyo wa wolemba Russian, m'mene adalandira madalitso ochokera m'nthawi Pushkin ndi kukhala mlakatuli panopa, pamene likutuluka nyenyezi ya Bloc. Zimasonyeza m'njira imeneyi, metamorphosis maonekedwe, amene kakusintha Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich, amene chithunzi kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma kale mwaukadaulo wangwiro, amapezeka mu zithunzi za nthawi yotsiriza lino kholo, kuzindikira kufunika kwa njira yokonzedwa.