Polima - ndichiyani? kupanga polima

Ndi zodabwitsa bwanji osiyanasiyana zinthu otizungulira, ndi zipangizo zomwe anapanga. Kale, za zaka XV-XVI, zipangizo waukulu ndi zitsulo, matabwa, galasi ina, pafupifupi nthawi zonse, zadothi ndi dothi. Koma m'zaka pano - nthawi ya ma polima, tikambirana zina.

Lingaliro la ma polima

Polima. Ndi chiyani icho? Mukhoza kuyankha mfundo zosiyanasiyana za view. Pa dzanja limodzi, chuma masiku ntchito popanga ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu luso ndi banja.

Komano, ife tikhoza kunena ndi mwapadera apanga kupanga mankhwala anachokera ndi katundu anakonzeratu ntchito mu specialization lonse.

Aliyense wa matanthauzo izi ziri zolondola, okha oyambirira mu mawu banja, ndipo chachiwiri - kuchokera amazionera a mankhwala a. Wina mankhwala tanthauzo ili. Ma polima - ichi mankhwala macromolecular zomwe ndi zochokera m'madera yochepa unyolo molekyulu - monomers. Iwo anawathetsa akuyambiranso mobwerezabwereza kupanga polima macrochain. The monomers kungakhale onse organic ndi zochita kupanga mankhwala.

Ndiye funso: "? Polima - ndichiyani" - kumafuna yankho mwatsatanetsatane ndi kuthetsa katundu zonse ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu izi.

Mitundu ya ma polima

Pali ambiri classifications ma polima ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana (mankhwala chikhalidwe, kutentha kukana, kapangidwe unyolo ndi zina zotero). Tebulo izi mwachidule kukambirana Mitundu ya ma polima.

Komanso kusiyanitsa pakati pa ma polima liniya, mtanda zogwirizana ndi nthambi dongosolo. polima m'munsi zimawathandiza kukhala thermoplastic kapena thermosetting. Iwo ndi osiyana ndi luso deform m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa.

The thupi katundu zipangizo polymeric

Kuweta awiri zinthu akaphatikiza, ankaikira ma polima ndi:

• amorphous;
• krustalo.

Aliyense yodziwika ndi zoikika zake katundu ndi yofunika othandiza tanthauzo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati polima m'chigawo amorphous alipo, ndiye kungakhale madzi vyazkotekuschey ndi chuma kunyezimira ndi pawiri elastomeric (rubbers). Ambiri ntchito m'mafakitale mankhwala, zomangamanga, luso, kupanga katundu mafakitale.

Boma crystalline wa ma polima ndi ochiritsira ndithu. Ndipotu boma ndi interspersed ndi mbali amorphous a dera, ndipo ambiri molekyulu lonse likukhalira yabwino kwa kupanga kusintha, koma pa nthawi yomweyo ulusi mkulu ndi olimba.

Mfundo kusungunuka kwa ma polima ndi osiyana. Ambiri amorphous Sungunulani firiji, ndi ena crystalline kupanga kupirira kutentha mwachilungamo mkulu (plexiglas, galasi CHIKWANGWANI, polyurethane, polypropylene).

Ma polima akhoza utoto mitundu yosiyanasiyana, popanda malamulo alionse. Chifukwa dongosolo awo, amatha kuyamwa penti ndi kupeza chidwi kwambiri ndi zachilendo mitundu.

Chemical katundu wa ma polima

Chemical katundu wa ma polima osiyana ndi a anthu otsika kulemera zinthu maselo. Ichi ndi chifukwa kukula kwa molekyulu, ndi pamaso pa magulu osiyana zinchito mu dongosolo wake, katundu wamba mphamvu kutsegula.

Ambiri, muli mitundu yambiri yaikulu ya zochita khalidwe la ma polima:

1. Zochita kuti kudzayesedwa gulu zinchito. Kuti, ngati polima gulu TIKANAKONDA alcohols lililonse, choncho anachita zimene iwo adzakhala ofanana anthu alcohols (madzi m'thupi, makutidwe ndi okosijeni, kuchepetsa, kuchepa madzi m'thupi, etc.).
2. Mogwirizana ndi HMC (mankhwala otsika maselo).
3. Zochita pakati pa ma polima kupanga crosslinked Intaneti macromolecular (ma polima network nthambi).
4. zochita pakati pa magulu zinchito mkati polima macromolecule.
5. Azingokhala, macromolecule pa monomers ndi (unyolo kudzitsitsa).

zochita zonse izi ndi zofunika kwambiri kuchita, ntchito yokonza ma polima ndi katundu chinakonzedweratu ndipo munthu womasuka. Polima Chemistry limakupatsani kulenga kutentha zosagwira, acid ndi soda-umboni zipangizo, amene pa yomweyo kusinthasintha okwanira ndi kukhazikika.

Kugwiritsa ma polima mu tsiku ndi tsiku

Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala onsewa. Ochepa akhoza kukumbukira minda ya malonda, chuma, sayansi, zimene sayenera polima. Kodi izo - ndi polymeric ndalama komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri, ndi mmene wotopa?

1. Mankhwala makampani (pulasitiki kupanga, tannins, organic kaphatikizidwe wa mankhwala yaikulu).
2. Mawotchi zomangamanga, ndege, ayenga mafuta.
3. Mankhwala ndi mankhwala.
4. Kupeza utoto ndi mabomba, mankhwala ndi herbicides, tizirombo mu ulimi.
5. zomangamanga (zitsulo alloying, kamangidwe phokoso ndi kutchinjiriza moto, zomangira).
6. Kupanga zidole, mbale, timachubu, mabokosi, katundu wa m'nyumba ndiponso housewares.

Polima Chemistry zimathandiza kupeza koposa, ndi katundu chilengedwe zipangizo, ndi zatsopano zomwe palibe pakati zitsulo kapena matabwa kapena galasi.

Zitsanzo zipangizo polymeric

Tisanafotokoze amatchula mankhwala enieni kwa ma polima (ali N'zosatheka kutchula zinthu zonse, kwambiri zosiyanasiyana awo), choyamba muyenera kumvetsetsa zimene amapereka polima. Zakuthupi, amene analandira kuchokera yapamadzi, adzakhala maziko zopangidwa m'tsogolo.

zipangizo Basic anapangidwa kuchokera ma polima, ndi:

• mapulasitiki;
• polypropylenes;
• polyurethanes;
• polystyrene;
• polyacrylates;
• phenol formaldehyde resins;
• epoxy resins;
• Capron;
• viscose;
• nayiloni;
• poliyesitala ulusi ;
• kumatira;
• filimu;
• tannins ndi ena.

Imeneyi ndi yaing'ono mndandanda wa zomwe zosiyanasiyana zokopa umagwirira ano. Koma apa kale zikuonekeratu katundu ndi mankhwala anapangidwa kuchokera ma polima - iliyonse katundu wa m'nyumba, mankhwala ndi zina (pulasitiki mawindo, mapaipi, ziwiya khitchini, zipangizo, mipando, zidole, mafilimu, etc.).

Ma polima zosiyanasiyana za sayansi ndi umisiri

Ife kale anakhudza pa nkhani imene ma polima ntchito. Zitsanzo kusonyeza kufunika kwa sayansi, kungachititse zotsatirazi:

• ntchito mphira;
• antistatic zokutira;
• zishango mu atomu;
• Milandu pafupifupi onse Zipangizo zoyendera magetsi banja;
• transistors;
• LEDs, ndi zina zotero.

Palibe zoletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo polymeric mu dziko zongopeka lero.

kupanga polima

Polima. Ndi chiyani icho? Ndi pafupifupi chilichonse kuti tikukhala. Kodi anapanga?

1. Petrochemical (kuyenga) makampani.
2. zomera Special kwa kupanga zipangizo polymeric ndi malonda a iwo.

Awa ndi chimango zikuluzikulu zomwe kupereka (apanga) polymeric zipangizo.