Nzeru za Socrates: mwachidule bwino. Socrates: mfundo zikuluzikulu za nzeru

The chidwi kwambiri ndi otchuka woganiza wa 5 m'ma BC Socrates. woganiza akhala ku Greece. Moyo ndi Philosophy ya Socrates (mwachidule kufotokoza zovuta, koma tidzayesetsa kuti mfundo kiyi) ali inextricably zogwirizana, monga mudzaona powerenga nkhaniyi. Chifukwa iye anali kufunafuna zinthu zoona sizimene anafuna kupambana pa mdani, Socrates ntchito pofuna kukwaniritsa choonadi njira zomwezo zomveka monga sophists. Iye anaika zinthu zonse funso ndi kuwatengera choonadi pokhapokha mosamala, kotero kuti woganiza ndi nthumwi woyamba wa nzeru yovutayi. Socrates nzeru bwino mwachidule ndipo pansipa ndipo anapereka kwa tcheru chanu.

magwero a phunziro

Socrates monga woganiza anali odziwika bwino mu nthawi yake ndi kulankhula pagulu ndi zinthu zosangalatsa. Iye sanalembe kalikonse, kotero kuti pamene phunziro, timadalira yekha pa zolembedwa anatsala ana ake (makamaka Xenophon ndi Plato). Wambiri ndi nzeru za Socrates zalongosoledwa mwachidule mu zolemba zawo. vuto ndi Plato analinso nzeru zapamwamba ndipo nthawi zambiri amaika ziphunzitso zawo mu kukambirana umene ankayimiridwa ngati zokambirana pakati Socrates ndi ena odziwika a m'nthawi yake.

Komabe, amaganiza kuti, osachepera mu dialogues oyambirira Plato kutipatsa ife lingaliro lenileni la zimene nzeru za Socrates, achidule ndi zomveka.

"Euthyphro" Kodi kupembedza

Mu "Euthyphro" Mwachitsanzo, limafotokoza kukambirana zikuchepa yapadera ndi Socrates chikhulupiriro mnyamatayo. Ndine kupeza kuti Evtifron osakayika mu kulungama kwa koyenela ake, mwamakhalidwe osokoneza ngakhale mwambo litigation ndi bambo ake, Socrates akufunsa iye chomwe ndi "kupembedza" (makhalidwe udindo) maganizo ake. Apa si mndandanda wa zochita kuti angatchedwe achipembedzo. Euthyphro apereke tanthauzo ambiri Ukuimira akamanena za "kupembedza" lingaliro. Koma Pa yankho lomwe limapereka wachinyamata, pansi ndi wunika bwino Socrates bola Euthyphro sangathe kupereka chilichonse.

kukondweretsa milungu

Makamaka, Socrates mwadongosolo refutes ndi kopanda Euthyphro kuti muyezo wolondola wa mchitidwe wa - kukondweretsa milungu. Choyamba, funso zimene zimapanga "Chabwino" Nthaŵi zonse amachititsa mikangano wosatha, ndipo milungu kawirikawiri akusemphana mu izi okha, komanso anthu, akuitana ichi kapena chochitika ndi zabwino komanso zoipa. Socrates Euthyphro amalola recoup (kokha ndi cholinga mudziwe zambiri) ndi kulandira malo milungu uyenera kukhala kwathunthu chimodzi pa nkhani imeneyi (chonde dziwani kuti vuto limeneli limapezeka yekha mu chikhalidwe kupembedza).

Chachiwiri, Chofunika kwambiri, Socrates akupanga vuto mwamwambo chabe yooneka ngati yosavuta, funso: "Chikondi milungu monga kupembedza kapena kupembedza amakhala kudzipereka chabe chifukwa milungu kulikonda?".

Kapena options awiri awa si oyenera mtima wa kupembedza, Euthyphro akufuna. Ngati zinthu zabwino mokokomeza chifukwa iwo amazitsutsa milungu, ndiye kuyenerera makhalidwe lachabechabe, kum'patsa pa zokhumba za milungu. Ngati milungu kukonda zachipembedzo, monga, ndizoonekeratu kuti payenera kukhala gwero undivine mfundo kudziwika kwa ife.

A vuto kovuta

Ndipotu vuto limasonyeza mavuto ndithu pamene akuyesa kuyerekeza makhalidwe a dziko lina. Mwachitsanzo, nkhani ndi dongosolo ofanana: "Makolo anga amavomereza kuchita izi chifukwa chakuti ali, kapena kuchita langa lamanja chifukwa makolo wake amazitsutsa?", "The State limaletsa makhalidwe otere chifukwa chakuti ndi woipa; kapena ndi woipa chifukwa boma amaletsa zimenezo? ". Lachiwiri zina mu zonsezi, zochita zolondola (cholakwika) basi chifukwa ulamuliro ena amavomereza (sangasangalale) iwo. Chisankho motero alibe kulungamitsidwa zomveka, chifukwa n'zosatheka kuti am'patse nzeru wosatsutsika wakuti mphamvu kunja. Koma chimake choyamba, mphamvu amavomereza (kapena amadana) zina khalidwe chifukwa yokha lamanja (kapena zolakwika), sikudalira izo. Ndiko kuti, kutsatira mfundo imeneyi, timatha paokha kuzindikira chabwino ndi choipa.

Choncho, nzeru za Socrates komanso Plato, zafotokozedwa mwachidule pamwamba, zikusonyeza kukayikira (ngati iai) patsogolo mu njira ya vuto lililonse aumunthu. Njira zimenezi zimathandiza kuthetsa zolakwika pochita zinthu ndi nkhani zikuluzikulu akuyitana ufulu womasuka. nzeru Socratic mwachidule ndipo anafotokoza momveka bwino kuti ife chitsanzo.

Evtifron khalidwe Komabe, sasintha kumapeto kwa kukambirana ndi wasiya siteji yomweyo kudzidalira, ndi chimene chinali. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira Socratic kumabweretsa chigonjetso cha maganizo, koma sangathe kutsimikizira anthu amene akuchonderera.

"Apology"

Chifukwa chakuti Socrates sanali kutsatira za boma panopa, oimira wa demokalase ku Atene ankamunamizira kuti kuzula chipembedzo cha boma, ndi ogona mwana. Kulankhula, anaika patsogolo podziteteza, kuperekedwa "Apology" ndi Plato ndi amatipatsa kumvetsa bwino malowedwe athu kwa nzeru za Socrates, ubwenzi wake ndi moyo othandiza.

nditaona kudzichepetsa

Pofotokoza ntchito yake nzeru zapamwamba, Socrates anagwiranso uthenga wa masomphenya kuti ndi anzeru kwambiri la Agiriki. Ndiyeno mndandanda wa nditaona mafotokozedwe woganiza khama potsutsa masomphenya mu nkhani Atene odziwika bwino, amene ayenera kukhala wanzeru kuposa iye. Pambuyo iliyonse pamene tikukambirana Komabe, Socrates anazindikira kuti ali ndi mpweya wa nzeru, zimene siziri zokwanira anthu awa, womwe ndi kuzindikira umbuli wawo.

Nzeru za Sophists ndi Socrates mwachidule

Cholinga cha funso limeneli anali kuthandiza anthu kukwaniritsa woona kudziletsa kudziwa, ngakhale kumabweretsa atulukira zosasangalatsa. The nzeru za Socrates, mwachidule ndi momveka bwino, nthawi zonse ku funso ili. Socrates inverts njira Sophists ntchito umboni zomveka kusonyeza (koma osati kulenga) Musamadzinamize zenizeni.

kudzipereka chenicheni

Ngakhale pambuyo anapezeka wolakwa Socrates ankakana kulapa zikhulupiriro zake ndi njira zake. Iye akukana kuvomereza ukapolo ku Athens ndi kufunika chete ankanena kuti zokambirana pagulu la mavuto zofunika kwambiri pa moyo ndi ukoma - mbali ya moyo wa munthu aliyense. Wafilosofi wakonda kufa m'malo mosiya nzeru zawo.

Ngakhale iye kuti aphedwe, Socrates (nzeru mwachidule pamwamba) mwakachetechete akunena mawu otsiriza - maganizo amakonzekera tonse m'tsogolo. Atanena kuti tsogolo la munthu akafa wosadziwika, komabe iye anasonyeza chikhulupiriro chake cholimba mwa mphamvu ya kulingalira, amene kulalikidwa pa moyo wake ndi amene anali woweruza ake. Choncho mmene izi si bwino amene anapambana mlandu.

Kochititsa chifaniziro cha munthu Plato ankaona kuti ndi imfa, koma musasiye chikhulupiriro chawo, linali zinachitika wa nzeru ena tsogolo la Kale, amene anatenga chitsanzo cha woganiza chapadera. The nzeru za Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, mwachidule ndi mawu ambiri, kungafanane.

"Creighton": munthu ndi boma

Kufotokozera za masiku otsiriza a Socrates, Plato Anapitiriza mu "Creighton". Ali m'ndende akuyembekezera kuphedwa, nzeru zapamwamba akupitiriza mofatsa nkhani zikuluzikulu zofunika kwa iye akadali pa lalikulu. Mfundo zikuluzikulu za nzeru za Socrates mwachidule anafuulira apa. Ngakhale oweruza chiweruzo chilungamo sayambitsa woganiza kuwawa kapena kukwiya. Anzanga akabwera kundende ndi dongosolo langwiro kuthawa Athens ndipo amakhala ku tokha ukapolo, koma Socrates modekha kumafuna iwo mu zokambirana wololera za kufunika kokhulupirira khalidwe limeneli, ndikuika mu funso.

Kumene, Creighton ndi ophunzira ena anali odziwa bwino za aphunzitsi awo, iwo anabwera kale kukonzekera mikangano amenewa ndi mfundo ndithu mu mtima wa dongosolo lake. Chipulumutso kuchepetsa kukwaniritsa kudzipereka nawo pa moyo. Komanso, ngati iye akukana kuti athawe Ambiri amaganiza kuti abwenzi ake akusamalira zokwanira za iye, alibe bungwe kuthawa. Choncho, pofuna kukwaniritsa udindo wawo ndi kusunga mbiri ya abwenzi, Socrates anali kuthawa m'ndende.

choonadi zodula

Koma nzeru zapamwamba akana mfundo izi ngati opanda poyerekezera ndi choonadi. Kodi anthu ena anganene kuti, zilibe kanthu. Monga iye ananena mu "Apology" sadzakhala oona kuti maganizo ambiri, koma maganizo a munthu amene akuwadziwa. Only choonadi angakhale muyezo chifukwa kupanga zisankho ndi mfundo zokha kuti ndikaonekere kwa choonadi, anali wokonzeka kutenga anzanu.

Socrates zichokera kwa onse mfundo za makhalidwe abwino:

- Kodi kuchita zoipa (ngakhale pobwezera Choipa koma sadalole ena).

- M'pofunika kumvera boma.

Kupewa chiweruzo cha khoti la ku Atene, iye asonyeza kusamvera boma, Socrates anaganiza kuti sayenera kuthawa m'ndende. Monga mwa nthawi zonse, zochita zake ndi zogwirizana ndi zochita za malingaliro ake. Wafilosofi anasankha kutsatira choonadi ndi makhalidwe abwino, ngakhale kutaya moyo wake.

Nthawi zambiri, antchito kuchita mwachilungamo ndi wofunika kwambiri pa maganizo a za makhalidwe abwino, ndi kupulumuka kwa Socrates chingaoneke insubordination. Komabe, mfundo yakuti nthawi zonse muyenera kumvera boma, sakhoza kukhala choncho ena kwambiri. Ku maganizo a Socrates, boma kuchitira nzika monga kholo ndi mwana, ndi chifukwa makolo nthawi zonse ofunika kumvetsera, monga nthawi zonse muyenera kumvera boma. Komabe, funso wa lagamula zimenezo poyerekeza ndi zofunika kukambirana. Kumvera makolo awo - kudzipereka zosakhalitsa kuti Tikasenza, mpaka ife timakula, ndi kumvera boma, tiyenera yaitali kufikira imfa.

Kwa tcheru chanu akale Greek nzeru za Socrates inali kuperekedwa. Philosophy mwachidule ndi chiyembekezo zikuonekeratu atanena m'nkhani ino.