Daniel Dennett: makoti, yaifupi yonena

Munda opatsa chidwi sayansi lagona mu phunziro la akatswiri asayansi ndi akatswiri maganizo onse a chikumbumtima anthu, kodi ndi mfundo zina zofunika. Koma mfundo zomwe ndi makhalidwe kutchukitsa lingaliro la nzeru zapamwamba tikhoza kuphunzira kuchokera yonena ake, makamaka nthawi ya moyo wophunzira.

Patrimony

Tsiku anayamba ndi kuyang'ana mu moyo wake watsiku ndi tsiku ndi chilengedwe, monga Daniel Dennett, yonena mwachidule limafotokoza mmene nzeru zapamwamba-wasayansi moyo, anabadwa mu Boston mu wamba mbiri yakale banja American. Maphunziro Harvard. pofuna kukwaniritsa maganizo a sayansi unachitikira ku yunivesite ya Oxford , anatsogoleredwa ndi Pulofesa wa Ryle. Zinali muulamuliro wake ndi zothandizira mipingo yawo ya Daniel Dennett analemba ndi kumbuyo nkhani yolembedwa, nalalikira buku lake loyamba - "zinthunzi ndi Ubongo" - mu 1969. Mu maganizo ake, kumene, motsogoleredwa ndi nthawi American a moyo wake, koma katswiri British linali pafupi Dennett, kotero kuti bukuli longitudinally chosiyana nthawi.

zikayenda yaikulu

Atalandira Ph.D. wake, wasayansi anatumizidwa ku Massachusetts, Tufts University, pamene iye amaphunzitsa mu zapaderazi chibwenzi. Komanso, akuwerenga nkhani munthu ku mayunivesite osiyana kuzungulira dziko - achibale Harvard ndi Oxford ku Moscow State University. 74 Ndani wasayansi, iye ndi chidwi sayansi, zosemasema. Mu 2012 anakhala laureate aulemu ya Erasmus chopereka wake kwambiri chikhalidwe European ndi anthu.

Choncho, Daniel Dennett, amene yonena mwina maganizo ake ndi kuyankhula, chifukwa moyo wake analemba mabuku ambiri. Yotchuka kwambiri iwo - "maganizo diso", "Mitundu maganizo», chigongono Malo, Brainstorms, «ubongo Philosophy". Ambiri mwa anthu amenewa ankalemekeza pakati pa asayansi koma, mwatsoka, ochepa ikumasuliridwa Russian.

Chikhazikitso cha zigamulo

The chida chachikulu maweruzo ake akamabadwa Daniel Dennett ndinaganiza kuzunza anthu. Iye amathandiza mfundo zake ndi sayansi ku zamaganizo chidziwitso, cybernetics, ndi tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso. Komanso, nthawi zonse amalemekeza achifumu anzathu, koma musaiwale kuti timudziwe bwino ntchito zawo, maganizo awo ndi kutsutsa zaphindu. Mwachitsanzo, iye analemba buku review wa Dawkins 'wodzikonda Gene. " Mu ntchito zake izo Tingaone kuti wasayansi nthawi zonse kuganizira za chikumbumtima, kudziwa zimene anthu chifukwa izo ziri. Daniel Dennett ananena kuti "kupezeka kwa nzeru za zimene anthu ena maganizo" limatanthauza pamaso pa kutsitsimuka. luso logwiritsa ntchito zinenero ndi kusinkhasinkha, monga "chizindikiro cha chuma cha chikumbu mtima", wasayansi pofuna kuonetsa chiphunzitso zinachokera Darwin. lingaliro Darwin ndi chiphunzitso cha kupulumuka kwa Zamphamvu ntchito nzeru kuti munthu - yabwino limeneli, chifukwa chiphunzitso chiri ndi mphamvu yakumangirira ndi kuwerengera pafupi zam'tsogolo. Motero, tili ndi "mwadala kolowera." Lingaliro Izi zikutanthauza kuti ife kuperekedwa patsogolo kwenikweni maganizo, malingaliro, chimene chingalowe kulongosola zochita zake. Intentionality amayesetsa kukwaniritsa phindu pazipita okha, choncho kwambiri m'tsogolo, koma pa zinthu zina zake zingasiyane.

Ambiri, munthu linapangidwa yaying'ono-maloboti, omwe amachita mbali ya dongosolo la tinthu. Ndi nyama tili ofanana "kudziwa mmene" umene zochita zimagwiridwa umakaniko chilengedwe. Koma munthu ali ndi mwayi: n'zotheka kufunsa mafunso ndi kuganizira kudziwa izi makina, kuyerekeza ndi anthu ena. Ndipo inu mukhoza kupereka mfundo iliyonse kwa munthu wina, potero zolimbikitsa nzeru ndi osauka dala unsembe. Zonse zimenezi mothandizidwa ndi mawu wamba, zomwe ndi watsopano kuyanjana "tinatake tozungulira" mu kotekisi ubongo. Nthawi zina ubongo muyeretsedwe ku tinatake tozungulira kukumbukira ndi amanena munthu amagwiritsa magwero olembedwa a mudziwe kuti amakhala kutambasuka chuma maganizo. Choncho, maganizo zomveka kusiyana kwambiri pamene ntchito magwero zosiyanasiyana akusowa.

m'madera ena chinyezimiro

Koma mavuto, limene likuchita ndi Daniel Dennett, muli chinyezimiro wina: ndi intentionality wa munthu umatha zawo ndi munthu wina. Choncho, aluso mpikisano interspecific adzakhala zinachitikira kubisa mfundo zothandiza. Koma njira yabwino ya khalidwe kukhala kulankhulana ndi mayiko - kulankhula, kubisala ena mwa mfundo chifukwa cha kuchita mchitidwe mwachinyengo. Malo kuteteza zosiyidwa akhale mphamvu zokwanira ndi chikhomo chifukwa kukhazikitsa m'tsogolo. Kuchokera pamenepa, ndizoonekeratu kuti zimativuta kupulumuka wobwezera pulayimale, sekondale ndi intentionality. Popeza mdani / mpikisano alinso intentionality yake, likukhalira kuti mpikisano wathu ndi kulimbana zimadalira masomphenya tsogolo la munthu wina kapena malo amene ife kupikisana. Kuti "kuwerengetsa" Maganizo tsogolo la munthu wina, muyenera kale m'gulu dongosolo chizindikiro, kapena kuti wina miscalculated. bwalo atseka zigamulo, ndi Daniel Dennett, kuzunza amene wafunsira mfundo imeneyi, si koma akhoza kutsutsana ndi kufotokoza mmene chiyambi cha chilengedwe wodziwika bwino atengedwa. Choncho, chiphunzitso oyambirira amafuna patsogolo ndi maulalo angapo chosowacho molumikizana Darwin ndi chikumbumtima.

kutsutsa maphunziro

Chiphunzitso ichi, maganizo ake anabwereza Richard Dawkins, Steven Pinker ndi chitsutso poyerekezera ndi chiweruzo cha Stephen Gould ndi Edvarda Uilsona. Kwakukulu adaptationism ntchito amene analemba Daniel Dennett, chabutsa kwambiri zotsutsa mwa metaphysicians. Iwo anamutcha ulaliki wake kwambiri simplistic ndi chosiyana otaya wakale wa behaviorism. Nayenso moti chabe anafotokoza mfundo monga "qualia" (chifukwa cha maganizo anthu a zinthu), ndi zinthu zina zovuta kwambiri mu malingaliro. The wunika sharpest ndi Daniel - "Ubongo, chinawononga n'chomwecho."

Kufotokoza ufulu wosankha

Secularism ndi ufulu wa chifuniro cha munthu - mfundo zomwe nakokera chidwi cha Daniel Dennett. The Ufulu maweruzo ake ankaona osati pamaso aliko, koma mawu a amazifuna. Mfundo imeneyi Chili ndi Determinism (maubwenzi causal), kukhulupirira kuti kumvetsetsa zomwe zimayambitsa ndi maziko a ufulu wosankha. umenewu amatchedwa "compatibilism". Iwo anali odzipereka ku ntchito ya chigongono Malo.

maganizo ndi zolondola

Wasayansi sangadziwitse metaphysicians onse, ntchito zake zonse kukopa kwambiri ya nkhani za sayansi ndi mtsutso. Ngakhale izi, amalimba mtima mu malingaliro ake, ndi ntchito pa kusintha awo. Daniel Dennett, amene makoti ali otchuka pakati achikunja, amathera nkhani kakang'ono kamene lucidly ndi zitsanzo ananena mfundo yake ndi maganizo chikhulupiriro ndi chipembedzo ambiri. Iye amachita zatsopano maganizo pakati pa ansembe ndi mwa iwo achikunja amene sangakwanitse amavomereza izo. Pa nthawi yomweyo iye amadziwa kusiyana kwa Mulungu ndi chauzimu, ndipo n'chakuti akonzedwa kutsogolera mafunso othandiza chimatanthauza amene amakhulupirira inu kapena ayi. Imodzi mwa ntchito posachedwapa - Yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale mapampu ndi zipangizo zina chifukwa Maganizo - za momwe kuphunzira kuganiza ngati yasayansi. Daniel Dennett amapereka malangizo otsatirawa:

• Gwiritsani zolakwa kuchita kudzipenda ndi sangagwelenso mtima ndi mtima.
• Kukayikira akuti "kumene", limene, mogwirizana ndi wasayansi ndi, limasonyeza invalidity mfundo ndi chilakolako cha owerenga ndi "kumbali" womverayo nkhani zonama mwamsanga.
• Kulemekeza mdani wanu, kuchita chilungamo ndi mtima pa iye, moti anatenga kutsutsa kwanu.
• Tiyeni mayankho a mafunso losafuna.
• Ntchito ya chiweruziro mfundo za lumo Occam ndi kudula onse zosafunika, chotero kupulumutsa njira maganizo kutsimikizira mfundo.
• Ratsioalno ntchito nthawi popanda tikungotaya pa analikodi mikangano, makamaka pa malo maganizo.
• Musagwiritse ntchito mawu monga "psevdoglubina" analengedwa kokha pamaziko a Kusamvetsetseka wa chiweruzo, ndipo osati pa choonadi ndi chilungamo.