Nzeru za chikhalidwe mu "Kutha kwa West" Spengler

Kulturfilosofiya kapena chikhalidwe nzeru - ndi nthambi ya nzeru kuti investigates chikhalidwe, za chitukuko komanso kufunika chikhalidwe. Zoyesayesa choyamba kumvetsa kufunika chikhalidwe tsiku anthu ku akale. Mwachitsanzo, Sophists ndiye ndi kudziwa antinomy pakati zachilengedwe ndi zolinga chikhalidwe ndi makhalidwe a munthu. Cynics ndi Asitoiki yothandizana mfundo imeneyi ndipo anayamba chiphunzitso za katangale ndi artificiality "chikhalidwe pagulu". Mu Middle Ages ambiri maganizo kwambiri anali kuganiza za zimene ndi chikhalidwe ndi malo ake pa chilengedwe cha Mulungu. Kenako, mu masiku ano, ndipo makamaka mu nthawi ya Choonadi, chikhalidwe chikhalidwe wapatsidwa chidwi. F Rousseau, J .. Vico, Schiller ndi ena anayamba lingaliro la wapadera munthu zikhalidwe dziko ndi milingo chitukuko.

Koma akuti 'kukonda nzeru za chikhalidwe "palokha unayamba kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XIX. German chikondi A. Müller. Kuyambira pamenepo, izo zakhala nthambi wapadera wa nzeru. Kuyenera anasiyanitsidwa ndi nzeru za mbiri, monga njira ya chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha anthu onse, ndi mitundu ndi anthu makamaka Kodi sizigwirizana ndi kaimbidwe wa chitukuko mbiri ya chitukuko. Komanso isiyana ndi sayansi monga Chaanthu chikhalidwe, kuyambira yotsirizira tikunena chikhalidwe monga chodabwitsa ndi, ogwira ntchito mu dongosolo ubale chikhalidwe ndi gulu.

Makamaka ana mfundo za nzeru za chikhalidwe wakhala mapeto a XIX - oyambirira XX zaka. Panali Way lonse akatswiri (Nietzsche, Spengler, G. Simmel, H. Ortega Gasset, mu Russian N. A. Berdyaev, N. Ya. Danilevsky ndi ena) amene adzipereka ntchito zawo kumvetsa magawo munthu wa zamoyo wa chikhalidwe anthu. M'njira imeneyi, ya amathandiza kwambiri anapanga nzeru Spengler ya chikhalidwe, nzeru zapamwamba German, wolemba mbiri maphunziro chikhalidwe (1880-1936).

Spengler akufuna lingaliro kwambiri yoyambirira ya chitukuko cyclical chikhalidwe monga mtundu wa chamoyo wamoyo. Kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi zikugwira ntchito za akapolo anzawo akale, nzeru zapamwamba, kwambiri, amatsutsa "chikhalidwe" ndi "chitukuko." Malinga Spengler, aliyense chikhalidwe wabadwa ndipo umakula, nchito yonse - wakhanda, ndili mwana akamakula, akula (imene chikhalidwe wafika pachimake pa chitukuko), ndiyeno enfeeblement ya ukalamba ndi imfa. Pamene chikhalidwe akufa kapena n'kuyamba kufooka likukhalira ku chitukuko. Kayendedwe ka moyo wa mbewu kumatenga kwa zaka chikwi ndi mazana khumi ndi asanu. Philosophy chikhalidwe Spengler kwathunthu kwambiri chaululidwa ntchito yake ndi mutu woyankhula mwanzeru "Kutha kwa Europe", imene nzeru zapamwamba ananeneratu imfa ya chitukuko European ndipo alibe ake mu soulless mtundu wa kachitidwe, zosangalatsa, hoarding, chilakolako cha mphamvu ndi chuma.

nzeru za chikhalidwe m'chiphunzitso cha Spengler zachokera mfundo zofunikira ziwiri: - ". chitukuko" "chikhalidwe" ndipo Komabe, ngakhale nzeru zapamwamba ndipo amapereka chitukuko achipongwe amenewa unflattering monga "anthu misa" ndi "soulless nzeru" sayenera simplistically kuganiza kuti kwathunthu anakana ubwino patsogolo sayansi ndi luso. Ziri chabe kuti chikhalidwe ndi moyo, ndi chitukuko ndi analandira wathupi, chifukwa chikhalidwe akuyembekezera kulankhulana ndi dziko zina, kuti sanama mu ndege ya zinthu, koma chitukuko lolunjika pa kufufuza ndi chitukuko cha dziko, zinthu kasamalidwe. Culture, malinga Spengler, ndi zogwirizana ndi mpatuko, iye ndi wachipembedzo ndi tanthauzo. Chitukuko akufotokozera padziko lapansi, ndi soulless. Chitukuko wokhumba mphamvu, ndi ulamuliro pa chilengedwe, chikhalidwe amaona mu chikhalidwe, cholinga ndi chinenero. Culture - national, ndi chitukuko cha dziko lonse. Culture - ndi apamwamba, ndi chitukuko angatchedwe demokalase.

Philosophy chikhalidwe, kwa moyo wa Spengler, anali kulimbana ndi 8 zikhalidwe moti kale akufa, Mwiguputo, Babulo, Maya chikhalidwe, Agiriki ndi Aroma (Apollo) ndi kutha - Indian, Chinese, Byzantine-Arab (zamatsenga) ndi Western (Faustian). Mwachibadwa, kolowera dzuwa mapeto a dziko Europe ndi za- Spengler: nyengo adzakhala soulless nthawi ya mowa misa, pamene kwinakwake, ena ngodya ya dziko zipse ndi pachimake chikhalidwe chosiyana, "ngati maluwa m'munda."