Western European scholasticism. Ndi chiyani icho?

mawu awa zachilendo, ndipo pali mwina munthu amene si kumva za izo. Scholastica ... Kodi zimenezi, adzakuuzani siziri chimodzimodzi aliyense. Tsopano tili ndi mwayi kumvetsa zonse izi mwatsatanetsatane. Mawuwa anabadwa mu nyengo ubale ang'onoang'ono ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa otchedwa "Carolingian Kubadwa Kwatsopano". Masiku amenewo, kulamulidwa ndi nzeru za patristic ndipo ankaonetsetsa. Mwambo woyamba ndawala substantiation anakhazikitsa chiphunzitso Mkhristu. Komabe, pafupifupi unafika kumapeto, pamene mpingo wa Roma Katolika anakhazikitsa lenilenilo monga lalikulu. A scholasticism? Kodi izo limafotokoza chi? Ndiye iwo anandiyitana ndemanga pa ziphunzitso izi, ndipo ntchito pa gulu lawo.

Vuto limeneli mu mbiri ya Chikhristu ganizo anakhala wamphamvu kwambiri Zapakati. Mawuwa amachokera ku mawu a Chigiriki "Mamatirani" ( "kusukulu"). Poyamba, ndemanga ndi bungwe luso anayamba mu masukulu kumene kumakhala Amonke ndipo kenako ku mayunivesite. mbiri yake kugawidwa m'mbali zitatu. Choyamba - ichi ndi nthawi imene scholasticism zinayambira. Nthawiyi kawirikawiri imayamba ndi Boethius ndi wathunthu Fomoy Akvinatom. Gawo lachiwiri - ndi nzeru za "angelo dokotala" ndipo otsatira ake. Ndipo potsiriza, kenako nyengo - ndi chinayi-lakhumi m'ma - pamene scholasticism anayamba yaitali kuposa wokha ngati chilango chachikulu, ndipo makamaka kwa sayansi zachilengedwe. Apo ndi pamene iye anaitana moto zotsutsa poyerekezera yokha.

Ngati ife kudzifunsa kuti: "Scholastica - ndichiyani? Kodi mavuto analera "-? yankho ili. Anzeruwo m'masiku amenewo sanali nawo aŵerenga ziwanda pa singano nsonga nthawi nthabwala za izo ndi chidwi mafunso za unansi wa chidziwitso ndi chikhulupiriro, chifukwa ndi chikhulupiriro, komanso chikhalidwe ndi kukhalapo. Komanso, mwa nkhani yakula pokambirana pa nthawi vuto anali kwenikweni otchedwa siyana konsekonse. Oimira maganizo pa nkhani imeneyi ankatchedwa moyenera ndi nominalists.

Mmodzi wa scholastics woyamba waukulu ankaona John Scotus Erigena, amene anali wodziwika bwino pa bwalo la Karla Velikogo. Iye ngakhale amadzinenera kuti ayankhe wotchuka wolamulira zoseketsa komanso yowopsa nthabwala. Atafunsa nzeru zapamwamba, kodi pali kusiyana pakati pa ng'ombe ndi Scot (a ntchito mawu potengera chiyambi Latin script wa woganiza) anayankha kuti ndi kutalika kwa tebulo. chakuti Eriugena ndi Carl anakhala moyang'anizana. Mfumu anazindikira kunyozedwa wake lingaliro ndi sanapitirize. John Scott kuika patsogolo mfundo yakuti pakati pa chipembedzo ndi nzeru za anthu, palibe kutsutsana, monga muyezo wa choonadi ndi m'maganizo.

M'zaka za m'ma XII - m'nyengo ya pa misonkhano ndi kukhazikitsidwa mayunivesite - ndi scholastics ambiri otchuka anali John Rostsellin ndi Anselm Kenterberiysky. Last kulankhula anali kuganiza kuti maganizo ayenera subordinated chikhulupirirocho. ankaonetsetsa nthawi ya chitukuko imagwera pa nthawi yovuta kwambiri pa moyo wa Ulaya. Ndiye nzeru ena akhristu kudzera Mabaibulo Arabic kuchokera Greek Aristotle anatulukira ndipo anayamba kukonza ndemanga malemba opatulika pa maziko a dongosolo ndi mfundo ya masika. Foma Akvinsky ndi Albert Veliky amaonedwa anzeru amene analenga zogwirizana kwambiri ndipo Ndakwaniritsa mtundu uwu wa chiphunzitso. Iwo anaika nzeru za zamulungu.

Musaiwale kuti m'masiku amenewo otsutsa mumaganiza wamphamvu mu zachikhristu - makamaka otchedwa Cathars - analembanso Mfundo zambiri zonena. Nawonso, ntchito mfundo yomweyo, ankaonetsetsa, magulu ndi mfundo zomveka, ntchito Neo-Plato ndi Aristotelian. Koma chiwonongeko cha azimuth izi mu zamulungu chifukwa cha aukali maganizo kulimbana anatisiyira ife mwayi kumvetsa mlingo wa adani nthanthi ya Chikatolika.

Mu scholasticism XIV m'ma anapeza otchedwa "Via modernity" - njira yatsopano. Ife ngongole ili ku Sukulu Oxford (Ockham, Duns Scotus), amene anasankha phunziro la chidziwitso chokha zinthu kwenikweni alipo, kodi anatsegula njira kuti njira yamakono ya Natural ndi masamu Sciences. Komabe, nzeru za m'mbuyomo wapanga zoyamba za njira ya sayansi, khalidwe la maphunziro a ku yunivesite, kuphatikizapo mfundo monga maulalo ndi zida sayansi. Ndiye funso: "Scholastica - chimene chiri" - tingachite bwino kunena choncho. Iyi ndi nthawi yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu, popanda komwe, si sayansi yamakono kapena njira yaikulu njira zake.