Dzhonson Semyuel: MBIRI, zimaonetsa kulenga, chidwi mfundo

Semyuel Dzhonson - English wotsutsa, wolemba mbiri, wolemba nkhani wina, wolemba ndakatulo lotanthauzira mawu. Chikhochi ndi chimodzi cha kanjedza wamkulu wa moyo ndi mabuku a m'zaka za m'ma XVIII. Chifukwa china kutchuka, amene lero amakonda Semyuel Dzhonson, - ankagwira wolemba.

mbiri yamoyo ndi maphunziro

Dzhonson Semyuel anabadwa m'tauni zigawo za Lichfield, mu Staffordshire, mu Michael Johnson banja ankachita nawo mabuku malonda ndi malo, ndi Sarah 18 September 1709. Atate (ndipo kenako mwana wake) anali sachedwa akulimbana ndi wozingwa, koma ulemu wake: ndi nthawi ya kubadwa kwa Samueli, anakhalapo Shefifi a. Dzhonson Semyuel mwana wodwalika ndipo sakuyenera kuti apulumuke. Mu 1711, pa msinkhu wa zaka ziwiri, ndi pafupifupi wakhungu, pang'ono wogontha, akudwala scrofula ndi TB, anatengedwera ku Mfumukazi Anne kwa wina ndi kukhudza anachiritsa odwala. Koma kuchiritsa kozizwitsa Komabe, sizinachitike.

Mu 1716-mamita Johnson, zowopsya, zosamveka, osati ndi msinkhu wawo, sukulu Lichfield. Iwo ankapita ndi ophunzira koma zachiwawa Dzhon Hanter, amene kumenya ana awo, kuti, m'mawu ake, kuti awapulumutse iwo ku zokoloweka lapansi. Kenako Samueli analimbikira kuti ngati sakadabadwa kumenyedwa, sadafuna utakwaniritsa chilichonse. Komabe, pansi pa utsogoleri wa Hunter anaphunzira Latin ndi Greek, nayamba kulemba ndakatulo. Mu 1725, pa msinkhu wa zaka 16, miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, ndi Johnson sankangofunika kuyendera msuwani wake Korneliyo Ford zipangizo ndi ikuthamangira mphunzitsi zakale Cambridge. Pali Iye atamva kuti kuli dziko ozindikira ndipo zolembalemba.

kuthawa

Mu 1726 iye sukulu ya sekondale ndipo anapita kukagwira ntchito mu mabuku bambo ake. Kunalitu kulakwitsa. Moyo wa Samuel Johnson mu zaka ziwiri zotsatira wokhu-, koma pa nthawi yomweyo anapita pa mwakhama komanso mwachisawawa kuphunzira English ndi mabuku.

Mu 1728, ndi cholowa ka mapaundi anai anatsala mayi ake pambuyo pa imfa ya wachibale, mosayembekezeka analowa pa Pembroke College, Oxford. Koma kumeneko, iye analephera kupereka okha ndi chakudya chokwanira, ngakhale, ndipo kwa zaka zambiri. Komanso anayamba kusonyeza zizindikiro za wozingwa zimene zikuvutitsa iye moyo wake wonse. Chifukwa, izo kuwaŵerenga maphunziro awo ndi 1789, ndi maganizo kwambiri ndi osauka kwambiri kumaliza maphunziro awo, anasiya Oxford, popanda kulandira dipuloma.

Buku loyamba

Kumasulira kwa Latin "Mesiya" Papa, Johnson m'kati maphunziro ake, lofalitsidwa mu 1731, koma ndi nthawi osauka, ngongole, maganizo, pang'ono akhungu ndi agonthi, owonongeka ndi scrofula ndi nthomba Samueli ankaopa kuti anachira. Komanso, mu December chaka chomwecho bambo ake anamwalira, komanso zinatha.

Mu 1732, Johnson anapeza pakhomo ntchito ku sekondale Market Bosworth. Akuchezeredwa kuti Birmingham, anakumana ndi Genri Porterom ndi mkazi wake, Elizabeti. Chaka chotsatira, pakama nthawi chotsatira yaitali ulendo abwenzi atsopano Samuel malinga abridged English Version cha kusinthika French m'buku lakuti "Ulendo mu Abyssinia," linalembedwa m'zaka za zana XVII. Chipwitikizi wachikatolika. Anakhala lofalitsidwa yake yoyamba m'buku, ndi Johnson ali guineas asanu iye.

ukwati

M'chaka cha 1735, pa usinkhu wa zaka twente-faifi, Johnson anakwatira mkazi wamasiye 46 wazaka Elizabeth Porter. A malowolo a mkazi wake, amene analipo mapaundi 700, Samueli anakhazikitsa sukulu payekha pafupi Lichfield. Pakati pa ophunzira Davide Garrick, amene anakhala wotchuka kwambiri wosewera nthawi yake ndi mnzanu wapamtima Johnson. Ndi chaka cha 1737 Academy wapita zinatha, ndipo Samueli anaganiza mwayi m'munda zolembalemba, iye anapita ku London limodzi ndi Garrick.

chilengedwe

Mu 1738, pamene anali kukhala mu London mu umphawi wadzaoneni, Johnson anayamba kulemba kwa "Journal wa njonda," Edvarda Keyva. Pali anafalitsa "London" - potsanzira Zotengera Juvenal pa makhalidwe otayirira ku Roma, amene analandira guineas khumi. Komanso, anakumana ndi Richard molapitsa, wina wolemba ndakatulo losauka ndi mbiri n'ngwokayikitsa.

Pakati pa mamita 1740 ndi 1743 m, ndi kukonzedwanso kwa mtsutso yamalamulo "Journal njonda". Patapita zaka, iye anali Kutamandidwa posonyeza kupanda tsankho.

Mu 1744, Richard Sevidzh anafera m'ndende Bristol. Johnson analemba "molapitsa Moyo" ndi wochititsa chidwi chifukwa choonetsa ake oona mphamvu komanso zofooka za khalidwe la ena. mankhwala anali woyamba prose wolemba, chidwi cha kuŵerenga.

Mu 1745 anafalitsa "A zosiyanasiyana kuzipenya za tsoka" Macbeth. " Chaka chotsatira, iye zinasaina pangano ndi gulu la ofalitsa ndipo anachita ntchito yaikulu yolemba dikishonale ya chingelezi, yemweyo lofalitsidwa mu France mamembala makumi wa French Academy. Iye anatembenuka ndi "Plan mawu" Kuŵerenga Chesterfield, koma iye anali mediocre kwambiri katiriji. Zotsatira zake zinali izi tanthauzo Johnson mawu akuti "woyang'anira": "Uyu ndi amene amathandiza, amathandiza ndiponso kuteteza. Kawirikawiri ndi kuchimwa zothandiza kudzikuza chifukwa cha chinyengo. "

Mu 1748, othandizira asanu Johnson anasamukira ku nyumba zikuluzikulu zombo Street, ndipo anayamba ntchito buku la mawu. Mu 1749 zinaoneka ntchito yake wozingwa "zachabechabe zofuna za anthu," Garrick ndi Johnson kuika tsoka la "Irene" pa Drury Lane.

Pakati pa 1750 ndi 1752 zaka milungu iwiri, iye walenga essays oposa mazana awiri "Rembler". Mu 1752-mamita mkazi wake anamwalira. Patapita zaka ziwiri, Johnson anabwerera ku Oxford, kumene anakumana ndi Thomas Wharton, tsogolo ndakatulo laureate. Chaka chotsatira, mothandizidwa ndi Uortona Semyuel potsiriza digiri katswiri pa Oxford. Mu chaka chomwecho English chake chachikulu Dictionary anali anamaliza ndi lofalitsidwa, ngakhale iye anali osauka kwambiri, mbiri yake zolembalemba anali definitively anakhazikitsa. Pa nthawi anadziwa achinyamata Yoswa Reynolds, Bennet Langton ndi Tofamom Boklerkom.

Mu 1756, Dzhonson Semyuel analemba, "bwana kwa magazini atsopano a Shakespeare" imene Komabe, kodi kudzaonekera 1765. Iye anapitiriza ntchito yake monga mtolankhani mkonzi kompayila akuyamba. Atamangidwa ngongole, chikolecho anapanga Semyuel Richardson. Pakati pa 1758 ndi 1760 analemba mndandanda wa essays "Bummer." Mu 1759, mayi wake Sara anafa, nakhala mu maganizo wachisoni, iye analemba makhalidwe nthano "Rasselas" chobwezera, iye anati, maliro.

anapuma

Mu 1762, pambuyo inalowa wake wachifumu wa Mfumu George III, Semyuel Dzhonson, amene mabuku kwambiri ndalama simunabwere naye kwa kukoma mtima kwake kulandira ndalama za penshoni ya mapaundi 300 pachaka. Komabe, poika sitima nyumba ya alendo anali kwambiri osokonezeka, chifukwa iye anali wothandiza wa Tory chipani, ndi kukumbukira za kugwiriridwa kwa Whigs wofotokozedwa mawu "penshioni" mu dikishonare wake monga "malipiro kwa a boma atapereka dziko lake." Kwa nthawi yoyamba iye sanali mu moyo wake amakakamizidwa kupulumutsa pa zofunikira ndipo ngakhale maganizo ake zinali zodabwitsa, ndi amatipeza akhakula-yosema, anakhala wa otchuka kwambiri dziko mkulu wa mikango zolembalemba. Pamene angapo madona aang'ono ndinakomana naye iye pa madzulo zolembalemba, anadabwa strangeness a thupi lake, monga ngati zinali mtundu wa chilombo kuchokera m'chipululu cha Africa, Johnson anawawona analamulira ndipo akhoza magazi anayima.

Mu 1763, iye koyamba James Boswell. Ngakhale chiyambi chake Scottish (Johnson safuna Chi - choncho tanthauzo lake lodziwika: "Mapila - ndi mbewu, mu England akudya kavalo, ndi Scotland anthu"), iwo bwino ndi mzake. Mu 1764 idamangidwa "zolembalemba Club" anthu amene anali Reynolds, Edmund Burke, Garrick, Boswell ndi Johnson.

Samuel mu 1765 pansi editorship wake lofalitsidwa Shakespeare ndi oyamba kwambiri ndi ozindikira ndipo analandira Doctor aulemu Chilamulo Sciences pa Utatu College ku Dublin. Iye anakumana ndi olemera Henry ndi Esther njira, umene nthawi yambiri kwake kwa zaka pafupi sikisitini (zambiri kulankhula, koma kuchita zinthu pang'ono). Johnson kamodzi anati: "Free kulemba chumps okha."

Mu 1769 Boswell, kukhala loya ku Edinburgh, anakwatira, ndipo anakhalabe Scotland mpaka TH 1772. Pakati pa 1770 ndi 1775 Johnson anamasulidwa angapo nkhanza koma characteristically categorical timabuku ndale. Mu August 1773, ngakhale kuti nthawi ananyoza Scotland, Samueli anatenga ulendo losaiwalika kwa Boswell pa Hebrides lapansi. Mu July 1774 Johnson njira anapita ku Wales. Mu chaka chomwecho, Oliver osula golidi, mmodzi wa m'nthawi ochepa amene chidwi kwambiri, wamwalira, ndi wolemba anamva imfa yopambana.

Semyuel Dzhonson Patriot

Pamenepo analemba kapepala "The Patriot" imene kudzudzulidwa zimene iye anaona wakutemwa bodza. Madzulo, April 7, 1775, iye famously ananena kuti dziko lawo ndi chitetezo lotsiriza la scoundrel a. Mosiyana ndi zimene ambiri amakhulupirira, mawu amenewa amatanthauza kuti wakutemwa ambiri, koma kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti, John Stewart, Earl wa Bute ndi gulu lake ndi adani, kusewera pa chiyambi chake si English. Johnson anatsutsa dziko lawo wodzitcha ambiri, koma anayamikira "zoona" wakutemwa.

chiwombolo

Mu 1775 iye lakuti "Ulendo kwa Islands of Scotland Western." Mu chaka chomwecho, Johnson analandira digiri aulemu ku University of Oxford, komanso njira anapita France (zomwe anapeza choipa Scotland). Samuel mwachiwawa anachita American utasintha, polongosola atsamunda opanduka "mtundu wa akaidi." Mu 1776, iye anapita ku Oxford Boswell, Ashbourne ndi Lichfield, pamene mvula bareheaded anaima msika lalikulu kutsogolo kwa nyumbayo, yomwe munali mabuku a bambo ake, chiombolo ndi "kuphwanya kwa makolo kupembedza" anachita zaka 50 zapitazo. Lero nyumba Museum wa Samuel Johnson.

Zaka zomalizira za moyo wake

Mu 1778 iye anakomana 24 wazaka Fanni Berni, posakhalitsa anakhala wolemba bwino "Evelyn". Chaka chotsatira, David Garrick, wokalamba mwana wa Johnson ndi bwenzi lake lapamtima, anafa, ndipo Samueli anali kachiwiri anagwedezeka. Mu 1781, pambuyo buku lakuti "Miyoyo ya Anthu olemba English", anafa Genri Treyl. Samuel kutonthozedwa wamasiye wake ndipo anali kupita kuti tikwatirane. Mu 1783 Komabe, thanzi lake anayamba kutha ndipo sitiroko. Chaka chotsatira, pang'ono anachira, anaunyema ndi Akazi njira pamene iye analengeza cholinga iye kuti akwatiwe Gabriel Piotstsi.

Dr. Semyuel Dzhonson amene amadwala gout, mphumu, edema ndi kutupa, anapeza kuti imfa anayamba kufunafuna iwo, koma adakomana naye molimba mtima monga anakumana ndi mavuto onse mu moyo wake. December 13, iye anamwalira ali ndi zaka 75. Iye anaikidwa mu Westminster Abbey pa 20 December.