Philosophy: Kodi yaikulu - kanthu kapena kutsitsimuka?

Philosophy - ndi sayansi wakale. Izo zinayambira mu masiku a dongosolo kapolo. Ndipo chochititsa chidwi chokwanira, mwanjira yomweyo m'mayiko monga China, India ndi ku Girisi. Mbiri ya sayansi ndi zaka zoposa 2500. Nthawi imeneyi Tikakhazikitsa kwambiri zokambirana zosiyanasiyana, kunyezimiritsa pa kaperekedwe ka ndale, ndi zachuma chitukuko cha anthu. Onani madera osiyanasiyana a anthu, ndithudi, chidwi ndi zofunika. Koma iwo onse kuyambitsa mwalawapangodya - vuto la kukhala ndi chikumbumtima.

formulations osiyana vuto lomwelo

funso choyambirira cha nzeru, ozikidwa pa mbali zonse, kukonza m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Ife kukhala ndi chikumbu - vuto la ubwenzi ndi mzimu ndi chikhalidwe, maganizo ndi thupi, maganizo ndi kukhala, etc. Aliyense sukulu ya ganizo anafuna mayankho ku funso lakuti: kodi yaikulu - kanthu kapena kukomoka ..? Kodi zimakhudza iwo akuganiza ndi kukhala? chiŵerengero uwu wa nzeru ena German Schelling ndi Chichewa umatchedwa funso lofunika nzeru za anthu.

Kufunika vutoli kwagona kuti ku mapeto ake olondola zimadalira yomanga ndi sayansi Integrated malo munthu mu dziko. Maganizo ndi nkhani wogwirizana. Koma pa nthawi yomweyo awiri osiyana kwambiri. Ubongo mChipangano mzimu.

mbali ziwiri za nkhani yemweyo

Pa nthanthi funso waukulu: "Kodi yaikulu - kanthu kapena kukomoka" - pena - existential ndi chidziwitso. Kukhala mu mawu ena, mbali ontological uli kupeza njira yothetsera waukulu mavuto a nzeru. Ndipo ndicho mbali chidziwitso kapena epistemological, ndi kuthetsa funso kapena dziko odziwika bwino odziwika bwino kwambiri.

Malinga ndi deta ya mbali ziwiri lagawidwa madera akuluakulu anayi. Ndi view thupi (chuma) ndi chabe, anakumana (empiricism) ndi rationalist.

Maphunziro azachilengedwe ali madera awa: Katundu (tingachipeze powerenga ndi vulgaris), chomwe (zolinga ndi zotengera malingaliridwe), dualism deism.

mbali Epistemological ukufanizidwa ndi malangizo asanu. Iwo anatuluka kenako mpatuko ndi chakuti n'zosatheka kum'dziŵa Mlengi. Wina atatu - empiricism, rationalism, sensualism.

Mzere wa Democritus

Mu mabuku, chuma limatchedwa mzere wa Democritus. anthu ake amakhulupirira yankho lolondola kwa funso la chimene chimabwera poyamba - kanthu kapena manyazi, kanthu. Malinga ndi postulates izi zakuthupi ndi izi:

• nkhani alikodi, ndipo zimadalira pa chikumbumtima;
• Nkhani - ndi chinthu yoyenda yokha; lifunika wokha wokha ndipo akufotokozera chilamulo ake zoweta;
• chikumbumtima - katundu amasonyeza lenilenilo, limene limabweretsa nkhani mwadongosolo;
• chikumbumtima si chinthu ufulu ndi - wokhalapo.

Pakati, anthu zakuthupi, amene anapereka okha funso lalikulu la chimabwera poyamba - kanthu kapena manyazi, tingaone:

• Democritus;
• Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes (Milesian sukulu);
• Epicurus, Bacon, Locke, Spinoza, Diderot;
• Herzen, Chernyshevsky;
• Marx, Chichewa, Lenin.

mwachibadwa amakopeka

Payokha kuonetsetsa zotukwana chuma. Bwaloli Vogt, Moleschott. Pa nkhani imeneyi, pamene kuyamba kulankhula chimene chili chachikulu - kanthu kapena manyazi, udindo absolutise kanthu.

Anzeruwo kusiya kuphunzira zinthu mothandizidwa ndi sayansi yeniyeni: masamu, sayansi, umagwirira. Iwo amanyalanyaza malingaliro monga chilli ndi mphamvu yake kusonkhezera kanthu. Malinga ndi nthumwi za chuma olaula, ubongo wa munthu umabala maganizo ndi chikumbumtima ngati chiwindi, ya ndulu. Vuto limeneli si kuzindikira kusiyana Mkhalidwe pakati pa maganizo ndi vuto.

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wamakono, pamene funso la chimene chimabwera poyamba - kanthu kapena manyazi, chuma, nzeru, modalira sayansi yeniyeni ndi masoka ndiye kutsimikizira postulates ake. Koma pali vuto - agulire malongosoledwe a akamanena za chikumbumtima, kusowa kutanthauzira zodabwitsa ambiri a dziko loyandikira. Chuma chogwidwa ndi nzeru za Greece (nthawi ya demokalase) mu madera a Agiriki, mu England ndi XVII atumwi, ku France, zaka za zana XVIII, m'mayiko zokomera za m'ma XX.

Plato mzere

Chabe za Plato otchedwa mzere. Gululi azimuth ichi amakhulupirira kuti chikumbumtima ndi zapulaimale nkhani sekondale ku kuthetsa waukulu nthanthi vuto. Chomwe chimasiyanitsa mbali ziwiri yoyenda yokha: Zidzikhala ndi zotengera malingaliridwe.

Oimira malangizo choyamba - Plato, Leibniz, Hegel ndi ena. Thandizo nzeru ena chachiwiri monga Berkeley ndipo Hume. Anayambitsa cholinga chomwe cha Plato ankaona. malingaliro a m'dera lino yodziwika ndi mawu akuti: ". Only lingaliro lenileni ndi zapulaimale" Cholinga chomwe akuti:

• chenicheni ozungulira - mdziko la maganizo ndi dziko la zinthu;
• Eidos dera (maganizo) kulibe poyambirira mu Mulungu (padziko lonse) malingaliro;
• dziko chuma ndipo alibe moyo osiyana, ndipo mwiniwake wa malingaliro;
• chinthu chilichonse payekha - eidoses chimake;
• ntchito yovuta kwa kutembenuka mu zenizeni item malingaliro kudzipatula Mulungu Mlengi;
• Eidos munthu kulibe mwachikulu, payekhapayekha chikumbumtima chathu.

Kutengeka ndi chifukwa

Zotengera malingaliridwe chabe, kuti chikumbumtima ndi zapulaimale nkhani sekondale, anati:

• zonse alipo yekha mu malingaliro a phunziro;
• Maganizo ali maganizo a anthu;
• zithunzi za zinthu thupi komanso ndi ofala yekha mu malingaliro anakumana ndi zinthu imalandira;
• kapena kanthu kapena Eidos moyo popanda chikumbumtima anthu.

The sangathe chiphunzitso ichi kuti palibe odalirika komanso lomveka bwino za limagwirira kutembenuka eidoses ndi item makamaka. Nthanthi chabe m'masiku a Plato ku Greece, ku Middle Ages. Lero, si zachilendo mu United States, Germany ndi ku mayiko ena a ku Ulaya Western.

Monism ndi dualism

Chuma, chomwe - zimachitika monism, mwachitsanzo, ziphunzitso za mfundo yaikulu ... Descartes anayambitsa dualism, akamanena za chimene chili nkhani yolembedwa ndi:

• Pali awiri palokha mankhwala: akuthupi ndi auzimu;
• Tambasula ali thupi katundu;
• wauzimu ali maganizo;
• chirichonse mu dziko lachokera kaya kwa munthu kapena ku chinthu chachiwiri;
• zinthu zakuthupi kubwera kuchokera kanthu, ndipo malingaliro - ku chinthu chauzimu;
• kanthu ndi mzimu - zotsutsana zogwirizana ogwirizana pokhala.

Pofufuza yankho la funso lofunika wa nzeru: "Kodi yaikulu - kanthu kapena kukomoka '- akhoza mwachidule: Nkhani ndi chikumbu ndi zopezeka ndi azigwirizana.

zizolowezi zina nthanthi

Zipani chimati dziko ali zambiri zinthu monga mu chiphunzitso cha monads Leibniz.

Deism amazindikira pamaso pa Mulungu amene kamodzi analenga dziko ndipo sanali nawo chitukuko zina, zilibe bwanji khalidwe ndi miyoyo ya anthu. Deists ndi French nzeru ena a Choonadi cha m'ma XVIII - Voltaire ndi Rousseau. Iwo sanali kutsutsa amayi chikumbumtima ndipo ndinaganiza kuti spiritualized.

Akasakaniza zimasakanikirana mfundo za chabe ndi chuma.

Anayambitsa empiricism anali Francis Bacon. Mosiyana ndi mawu n'zosatheka: "Ubongo ndi yaikulu poyerekezera nkhaniyo" - chiphunzitso wazotsatira limanena kuti maziko a chidziwitso zitha kukhala zokumana nazo ndi malingaliro. M'maganizo (maganizo) palibe omwe anali opangidwa experimentally.

kukana kudziwa

Chakuti n'zosatheka kum'dziŵa Mlengi - malangizo, kwathunthu kumakana kuthekera ngakhale kumvetsa tsankho dziko ndi mavuto zotengera malingaliridwe. Mfundo imeneyi unayamba ndi T. G. Geksli ndi nthumwi otchuka chakuti n'zosatheka kum'dziŵa Mlengi anali Kant, amene amanena kuti maganizo a anthu ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu, koma iwo n'zochepa. Pa mfundo imeneyi, maganizo a anthu amalenga mikuluwiko ndi zotsutsana amene alibe mwayi chigamulochi. zotsutsana zonsezi view Kant, amakhala ndi anayi. Mmodzi wa iwo: kuli Mulungu - Mulungu kulibe. Malinga Kant, ngakhale zinthu zake luso chidziwitso cha maganizo a anthu, zikhoza silikudziwika, chifukwa chikumbumtima amatha okha kusonyeza zinthu mu zotengeka, koma sangakwanitse kupereka kudziwa akamanena lamkati.

Lero, mbali ya lingaliro la "Kupemphera ndi yaikulu - lachokera ku chikumbu mtima cha nkhaniyi" mungazipeze kawirikawiri. dziko wakhala zipembedzo zochokera ngakhale kusiyana yokulirapo maganizo. Koma ngakhale kalekale kusaka kwa anzeru, ndi Funso lofunika nzeru za si mwapadera anaganiza. Iwo sakanakhoza kuyankha aliyense wa kumbali ya mpatuko, kapena otsatira a maphunziro azachilengedwe a. vuto Zimenezi amakhalabe osathetsedwa kwa anzeru. Mu zaka mazana makumi awiri, nzeru Western, School mapulogalamu kucheperachepera masiku chidwi kwa chikhalidwe Funso lofunika aumunthu. Iye pang'onopang'ono wotaya kufunika kwake.

azimuth panopa

ophunzira monga Jaspers, Camus, Heidegger, kuti m'tsogolo angakhale zogwirizana latsopano nthanthi vuto - existentialism. Ndi funso la munthu ndi kukhalapo kwake, kulamulira dziko mwauzimu, Gona mkati anthu, ufulu wosankha, tanthauzo la moyo, malo ake chikhalidwe ndi tanthauzo la chimwemwe.

Kuchokera kaonedwe ka existentialism munthu - mfundo wapadera kwambiri. Pakuti sikutheka kuti ntchito wodyerana miyezo causality. Palibe kunja iribe ulamuliro anthu, ndi chifukwa okha. Choncho, existentialism akulankhula za ufulu wa anthu. Kukhalapo - izi ndi cholandirira ufulu, maziko a - munthuyo analenga ndi amene ali ndi udindo chilichonse chimene amachita. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti limeneli pali maphatikizidwe kuti kulibe zipembedzo.

Kuyambira kalekale anthu kuyesera kuti udziwe okha ndi kupeza malo awo mu dziko. Nkhani imeneyi nthawi zonse za akatswiri chidwi. Ndi kufunafuna mayankho nthawi zina moyo wonse wa nzeru zapamwamba za. Mutu tanthauzo la moyo kumagwirizana ndi vuto la umunthu. mfundo izi zapiringizana ndipo zimakhala chimodzimodzi monga ndi pochita zinthu ndi zochitika apamwamba a dziko zakuthupi - munthu. Koma ngakhale lero, nzeru sangathe kupereka okha mayankho omveka bwino ndiponso olondola a mafunso amenewa.