Culture ndi chitukuko. The nzeru za ubale wawo ndi mbiri ya

Mawu "chikhalidwe" amachokera ku Latin otanthauza kulima dziko, komanso maphunziro ndi chitukuko. Poyamba kuti anali wolumikizana ndi njira akumidzi a moyo ndi mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe. Kuchokera pa lingaliro limeneli, lingaliro la chikhalidwe mu nzeru monga mode yeniyeni ya gulu ndi chitukuko cha moyo wa munthu, kudzera mwa mankhwala ntchito mfundo ndi maganizo ndi dongosolo la ena mchikhalidwe chikhalidwe inamangidwa ndi zinthu zauzimu. Culture amadziwikanso zambiri amatchedwa akonzedwa maganizo kwa chilengedwe, chikhalidwe ndi okha. Pakuti mayiko mitundu ya chikhalidwe lagawidwa malinga ndi magawo mbiri ya chitukuko - mwachitsanzo, yakale yoyendera, Kubadwa Kwatsopano ndi zina zotero, magulu kapena mabungwe a anthu - national, fuko kapena Mipikisano mitundu, dziko, chikhalidwe cha munthu ...

Mawu akuti "chitukuko" ndi lochokera Latin, nayenso, koma kufunika kwake si agrarian ndi m'tawuni apamaliro, ndipo amagwirizana ndi mfundo monga nzika ndi boma. Culture ndi chitukuko mu nzeru akhale pafupi ndi tanthauzo - mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti "chitukuko" amagwiritsidwa ntchito ponena za chikhalidwe. Koma monga ulamuliro, m'lingaliro malamulo a chitukuko mawu akutchedwa mlingo wa chitukuko cha anthu, amene amatsata "nkhanza" ndi lagawidwa siteji mbiri ya chitukuko (wakale, akale ...). Tikhoza kunena kuti mfundo ziwirizi ndi nkhope ziwiri lonse chomwecho.

Komabe, mpaka m'ma XVIII dera sayansi kwenikweni anali ndi mawu akuti "chikhalidwe" ndi "chitukuko." Philosophy wakhala anayambitsa iwo lotanthauzira m'malo mochedwa, ndipo poyamba ankatengedwa ofanana. Komabe, kunama, ofanana ndi mfundo izi mu tanthauzo kalekale kukhalamo. Mwachitsanzo, mu China, iwo ali kale amaimira mawu "ren" (Confucius), ku Greece - "Paideia" (makhalidwe abwino), ndipo mu Roma, ngakhale ogaŵikana mawu awiri: "civitas" (zosiyana za nkhanza, chitukuko), ndi "humanitas" ( maphunziro). N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Ages Middle kuposa anayamikira mfundo civitas, ndi Kubadwa Kwatsopano - humanitas. Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma XVIII, chikhalidwe ochuluka kuzindikiridwa ndi zolinga za Choonadi ku dera wauzimu ndi ndale - wololera komanso ogwirizana mitundu ya boma, sayansi, luso ndi chipembedzo. Montesquieu, Voltaire, Turgot ndi Condorcet machesi ku chiweruzo chimene chitukuko cha chikhalidwe limafanana ndi chitukuko chifukwa ndi rationality.

Kodi nthawi zonse zabwino pozindikira mwa anzeru a chikhalidwe ndi chitukuko? The nzeru za Jean-Jacques Rousseau, kufufuza choonadi chi, amayankha loipa pa funso ili. Iye azindikira kuti munthu ukusunthira kutali chikhalidwe, Zing'onozing'ono ndi osangalala ndiponso mogwirizana achilengedwe. kutsutsa Izi anachita nzeru German, zapamwamba zomwe ayesa kupanga lingaliro la amatsutsana. Kant kuika patsogolo ndi lingaliro kuti vuto ndi zoipa kapena zabwino chikhalidwe ndi chitukuko, zingathe kuthetsedwa mothandizidwa ndi "makhalidwe a mdziko lapansi" ndi German Romantics Schelling ndi Genderlin anayesera kuti achite izi ndi yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale zokongoletsa ndi Hegel ankakhulupirira kuti onse solvable mu chimango cha nzeru ndi maganizo Mtheradi mzimu. Woweta ankakhulupirira kuti zotsutsana onse khalidwe la zochitika za chikhalidwe, monga akufotokozera ndi mtundu (kum'mawa, yakale yoyendera, European), omwe ukufika pachimake, kudutsa zomwe zotsatirazi. Humboldt wapereka ganizo loti Imodzi mwa mbali yofunika kwambiri pa chikhalidwe dziko ndi chinenero chimene ndipamene mzimu dziko.

Komabe, chakale German nzeru ndi amaona chitukuko cha chikhalidwe ndi ndondomeko limodzi mzere, choncho malo ake sifikira zosiyanasiyana zonse amapereka chikhalidwe dziko ndi chitukuko. Nzeru za XIX m'ma (makamaka mu nkhope ya Wachiwiri-Kantian Rickert ndi Weber, komanso oimira "nzeru za moyo") anadzudzula udindo uwu. Kantians anazindikira chachikulu akamanena za chikhalidwe cha dziko la makhalidwe ayitanitse munthu motsatira malamulo, ndi kusokoneza chikhalidwe chake. Nietzsche anasiyanitsa Apollonian ndi Dionysian mtundu wa chikhalidwe, ndipo Dilthey - discursive ndi mwachilengedwe, kuitana choyamba "liquefied madzimadzi nzeru." Marxism anafuna mu chikhalidwe ndi chitukuko cha maziko zakuthupi ndi gulu chikhalidwe (kalasi) khalidwe.

Kungoyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana XIX nawonso anayamba kuphunzira chikhalidwe pa kaonedwe ka Anthropology ndi ethnography (Taylor), iwo unalengedwa ndi kusanthula structural a chikhalidwe dongosolo la makhalidwe, semiotics ndi zilankhulo structural (Levi-Strauss). Pakuti mzaka zana makumi awiri amakhala ndi malangizo monga nzeru za chikhalidwe, akamanena za amene anali kuimiriridwa ndi zizindikiro (Cassirer), yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale (Bergson), kapena archetypes (Jung). Philosophy chikhalidwe, komanso akuluakulu a existentialists ndi hermeneutics nzeru zaumunthu, anawona aliyense chikhalidwe chawo, ndi tanthauzo chilengedwe, chimene chavumbuluzidwa akamamasulira zophiphiritsa zake. Ngakhale kuti pali malo amenewa amene akukana chinthu monga chikhalidwe dziko ndi chitukuko. The nzeru za Spengler ndi Toynbee amakhulupirira mbewu polycentrism umboniwo kulibe anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi malamulo wamba konsekonse.