Zipani nthanthi - nthanthi zipani ndi ...

The zosiyanasiyana analipo a za filosofi ziphunzitso kamodzinso, chikutsimikizira kuti wamkulu zosiyanasiyana otchulidwa anthu, mitundu ndi mawonekedwe a ntchito, m'pamenenso chidwi ndi zochepa ofanana ndi mzake akuwuka mumaganiza aumunthu. Malingaliro a nzeru zapamwamba mwachindunji pa chimene iye akuchita mu moyo wa dziko lino. Zipani nthanthi - izi ndi imodzi mwa nkhalango zimene obwera chifukwa cha zosiyanasiyana zochita za anthu.

Kusiyana nzeru

The wamkulu ndi lalikulu Chigawo cha nzeru ena - pa materialists ndi idealists. Materialists kuganizira zinthu zawo polojekiti mwa "prism" zachilengedwe. Zinthu zazikulu za ananena idealists ndi wapamwamba moyo wa munthu wauzimu ndi chikhalidwe. Chomwe ndi mitundu iwiri: Zidzikhala - maziko a polojekiti ya moyo ya chipembedzo ya; ndi zotengera malingaliridwe - Kodi maziko a moyo wauzimu limodzi la munthu. Materialists ali ku dziko maganizo a anthu, ndi idealists - wa munthu ku dziko lapansi.

Ngati materialists kufotokoza apamwamba ndi m'munsi, idealists ndi n'zosiyana ndi kufotokoza m'munsi mwa apamwamba.

Popeza zipani nthanthi - asayansi masomphenya a dziko, limene zosiyanasiyana zoyamba zimatsutsana, ndikofunika kuzindikira zosiyanasiyana worldviews magulu ena akatswiri. Izi kuti amvetsetse bwino kusiyana iwo. Pali kugawanikana wina ankaphunzitsa - pa irrationalists, rationalists ndi empiricists.

Mawu akuti "rationalism" latembenuzidwa kuchokera ku French monga rationalisme, mawu zichokela ku rationalis achilatini amene nawonso, - kuchokera chiŵerengero Latin. chiŵerengero zikutanthauza chifukwa. Tidziwanso kuti mfundo rationalism imalimbikitsa mfundo za mtima wa kufunika pamoyo. irrationalism A M'malo mwake, akana lofunika kwambiri chifukwa mu moyo wa munthu.

Rationalists akuimira dongosolo. Onse osadziwika wosadziwika, ali okonzeka kutanthauziridwa mosamalitsa mwa chidziwitso.

Irrationalists ngati view wachisokonezo wa moyo, amayesetsa kupewa chilichonse chimene ukufuna, mpaka wodabwitsa kwambiri. Anthu amenewa chikondi paradoxes, zinsinsi ndi zongoganiza. Chithunzi cha umbuli osadziwika ndi lingaliro lawo yaikulu ya moyo.

Empiricism - ichi ndi kusinjirira, absolutization zinachitikira anthu ndi njira peremptory maganizo. Izi ndi mfundo zokhwima, mlatho pakati rationalism ndi irrationalism.

Zipani nthanthi

Mwatsoka, nzeru ndi Sizotheka kupeza mayankho, chifukwa sayansi amakonda kuthana ndi mitundu yonse ya zotsutsana. Limodzi la mafunso ovuta kwambiri kuti nzeru n'zovuta yankho yotsimikizika ndi yakuti: "Kodi pali cha maziko zozama za mtendere?" Limodzi kapena awiri, mwina kwambiri? Mu kufufuza yankho la funso limeneli wosatha anapanga mitundu itatu ya nzeru: monism, dualism ndi zipani.

Zipani nthanthi - ndi nzeru mu dziko kuzindikira kuti kuli chiwerengero chachikulu cha zimavuta mfundo ndi zinthu. Mawu "zipani" (kuchokera pluralis Latin -. Yambiri) ntchito pofotokoza unikirani mmene moyo wauzimu. Zipani angapezeke mu moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Mwachitsanzo, m'dziko lina kungakhale kuli maganizo osiyanasiyana a ndale ndi zipani. Kupezeka kwa maganizo onse otsutsana ndi mpata zipani. "Ndicho chimene zipani". Tanthauzo la zipani lophweka, kuli malingaliro angapo, mfundo ndi zinthu mwachibadwa anthu ndi si chinachake kuchokera wamba.

Zipani mu moyo wa munthu msewu

Mukakumbukira, zipani angapezeke mu moyo wosalira zambiri tsiku ndi tsiku. Kodi tinganene, ali paliponse. Mwachitsanzo, zipani kumvetsa boma ndi kale bwino kwa aliyense. Pafupifupi dziko lililonse ali ndi nyumba yamalamulo zimenezi kwa wina maphwando angapo. Iwo ndi zolinga zosiyana ndi chiwembu ulamuliro ndi kukonza ndi ukasintha osiyana Chrixitu. ndi zosiyanasiyana zimenezi magulu andale ndi mpikisano awo malamulo mwamtheradi, ndipo nkhondo ya zinthu, kutsutsana pakati pa mbali ya zipani zosiyana zachilendo. Kupezeka kwa asilikali osiyana mu yamalamulo lotchedwa dongosolo Mipikisano phwando. Izi - ndi zipani mkati tanthauzo la boma.

dualism

Dualism - ndi nzeru zaumunthu zinthu, zomwe amaona mu dziko la chiwonetsero cha awiri moyang'anana anayamba, kulimbana kwa amene amalenga chimene tikuonaŵa, komanso amalenga chenicheni. nkhondo imeneyi anayamba ali incarnations ambiri: Zabwino ndi Zoipa, Yin ndi Yang, usana ndi usiku, Alefa ndi Omega, mwamuna ndi mkazi, Mulungu ndi Mdyerekezi, Black ndi White, Mzimu ndi Kupemphera, kuunika ndi mdima, kanthu ndi antimatter, ndi zina zotero. . nzeru ena ambiri ndi masukulu nthanthi anali wakhazikitsidwa pa nzeru za dualism. Malinga Descartes ndi Spinoza dualism amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu moyo. Ngakhale Plato ndi Hegel, Marxism ( "Trud", "Capital"), mungapeze dziko la zotsutsana awiri. Choncho, liwu kuchuluka kusiyana pang'ono kuchokera duality kuti kusiyana kwakulu.

Zipani mu Culture

Kuwonjezera ndale, zipani amatha m'madera ena ambiri a zochita za anthu, monga chikhalidwe. Cultural zipani limalola kuli mabungwe osiyanasiyana chikhalidwe ndi uzimu. Mwachitsanzo, Christianity lagawidwa Chikatolika, ziphunzitso ndi Chiprotestanti. masiyanidwe uyu wa Mpingo pakuonetsa kuli zipani mu dera chikhalidwe cha munthu. Zipani zikutanthauza kuti magulu osiyana anthu ali ndi ufulu kudzigulitsa ndi zosowa zawo chikhalidwe. Monga ulamuliro, munthu ali ndi ufulu kufotokoza ndi kuteteza awo mtengo ziphunzitso okhudza zinthu zofunika kwambiri kwa iye. Nazi kuchuluka mwalamulo chikutsimikizira kuti boma anazindikira maganizo zosiyanasiyana, ndipo palibe mfundo limodzi.

monism

Chifukwa cha maganizo amenewa - lingaliro kuti pali chiyambi chimodzi chokha. Monism akhoza kukhala chuma kapena n'zosatheka. M'njira yopapatiza ya zipani nthanthi - ndi filosofe, popenyana monism, imene pali ambiri ofanana palokha mabungwe, mwamtheradi sangathe langokhala ena pamwamba, tikhoza kunena mwachindunji moyang'anizana wina ndi mzake, kopambana osiyana. Mu mawonekedwe choyamba, amaona okha nkhaniyo, ndipo chachiwiri zochokera lingaliro limodzi ananenetsa, kumverera mzimu. Monism chomwecho - chiphunzitso cha umodzi umene ukasintha umawalekanitsa iwo ku chinthu choterocho ngati "zipani nzeru za anthu."

nzeru zopindulitsa

nzeru zopindulitsa kuthamangitsa zolinga zabwino, maganizo ndi kulankhula mwa kulimbikitsa anthu zochita zabwino ndi zochita zathu, ndi kusiya zolakwa zawo zoipa papezeka, zinthu zolakwika. Mu mawu osavuta, nzeru zopindulitsa amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya kulingalira maganizo a anthu mwachindunji m'kati kulankhulana yosavuta.

zipani Features

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti, mawu akuti "zipani" anayambitsa H. Wolf mu 1712. The mbiri ya nzeru si Kawiri kawiri mutha kupeza kuchuluka siriyo, monga monism siriyo. sizachilendo zipani mu dera anthu, monga wakhala zatchulidwa mobwerezabwereza. Nazi zipani amalimbikitsa kuzindikira ndi kuphatikiza la chilamulo, makamaka malamulo, kusiyana kwa ziphunzitso maganizo, ndithudi, ngati iwo samayenera chiwawa, osasonkhezera dziko kapena zina kusagwirizana. Analengeza dongosolo boma ndi linakhalapo kwambiri kuti akutsimikiza mfundo za zipani. Anthu ambiri amanena izi kuchuluka dziko kotero kuti anthu ngati maganizo awo - ambiri, ndipo iwo onse amakhala osiyanasiyana ndithu chifukwa chikhalidwe, mfundo ndi kusiyana.

Dogmatists ndi okaikira

Anzeruwo anawagawa dogmatists ndi okaikira. nzeru ena motsimikiza ndi zabwino chifukwa iwo zikhonza kukhala ndi maganizo awo, ndipo boma la ena, osati maganizo awo. Kufotokoza ndi kutsutsana za iwo, monga ulamuliro, mwa mzimu zabwino, inde, zaphindu philosophizing. Koma, anthu amakayikira zosiyana mwachindunji, anthu-n'kofunika. The nzeru za yovuta awo, zowononga. Maganizo iwo sabala, koma kudzudzula ena. Anzeruwo mbalume - ndi nzeru woyamba kapena expounder. Anzeruwo-okayikira - miimba ichi, sweepers, tanthauzo lina iwo musataye.

The subjectivist, objectivist, methodologists

Munthu tcheru, subjectivist, objectivist ndi methodologists. Anzeruwo objectivist makamaka kuganizira nkhani zolakwa za dziko ndi dziko. Kuti gulu akatswiri amenewa ndi materialists ontologist, nzeru ena achilengedwe. Anzeruwo subjectivists More akulimbana ndi kuganizira mavuto a anthu, anthu ndipo munthu makamaka. nzeru ena awa mwachindunji ikukhudzana nzeru kwambiri n'zosatheka wa moyo, existentialist, pambuyo amakono. Anzeruwo, methodologists kumvetsa ubwino opanga zotsatira za zochita za anthu. Onse amene anatulukira, amasiya m'mbuyo ndipo adzasiya anthu, ndi munda wa ntchito ndi maziko a zokambirana akatswiri, methodologists. Zikuphatikizapo Wachiwiri pragmatists positivists, komanso oimira nzeru chinenero, nzeru za sayansi.

tingachipeze powerenga zipani

Classic pluralist, amene amazindikira awiri palokha chiyambi, ankaona Empedocles. Anaphunzitsa dziko amadziwitsidwa ndi popangidwa ndi zinthu zinayi - madzi lapansi, mpweya ndi moto. Iwo ali amuyaya ndi wosasintha, choncho, musati bwanji wina ndi mzake, ndipo iwo ali mlendo pochitika mzake. Chiphunzitsochi anafotokoza kuti zonse kumachitika mwa kusakaniza zinthu zinayi za dziko. Kwenikweni nthanthi zipani - ndi vuto mwachizolowezi chiphunzitso, ndi ntchito yake anayamba Koma ngati pofotokoza chinachake mwachizolowezi zomveka njira sachiza.

Zipani anthu

Oddly okwanira, koma zipani za anthu n'kofunika ngati mpweya munthu. Kuti anthu anali bwino ndi ogwira ntchito bwino, m'pofunika pamaso pa magulu angapo a anthu ndi maganizo wosiyana, mfundo maganizo ndi chipembedzo. N'kofunika kuti palibe zochepa zofunika ndi kuthekera ufulu podzudzula otsutsa - monga mawu ukupita, mu mkangano anabadwa choonadi. Ndi kuli magulu osiyana limathandiza kupititsa patsogolo nzeru, sayansi ndi khalidwe ena padziko lonse.

Pali gulu lina laling'ono akatswiri, zomwe n'zovuta kunena kuti malangizo iliyonse. Iwo anati nzeru woyera, kapena taxonomy, ndiAmene a dongosolo la mabuku aumunthu. Iwo omnivorous m'njira yabwino mawu. Ali ndi amamudziwa moyenera chisoni antipathy, ndi maganizo ndi zofuna akuuzidwa mu madera osiyana. Mwa khamu lonse motley iwo oyenera mutu akatswiri - anthu ofuna nzeru, chidziwitso. Kudziwa moyo, kuona kwa icho chiri, ndi musaphonye mphindi - ichi ndi cholinga chawo chachikulu. No zipani kapena monism si kwa iwo axiom. Iwo samafuna kukana, koma chilichonse. Iwo - otchedwa nthanthi knighthood.

chifukwa

Zipani ndi kulolerana kugwirizana ndi izo, mochuluka maso mozolyaschaya mafani wa mfundo authoritarian ndi maganizo pankhani amakhala kufunika yaikulu mu dziko pambuyo opondereza mogwirizana ndi kufunika democratization wa anthu ndi wotsatira wake Germanization. Mmalo awa, demokalase zipani ayamba liwiro lalikulu, ndipo ife tikhoza kunena, amatanthauza kumanga zina kwa boma ndi anthu. Izi, ndi njira, yankho molunjika chifukwa chake zipani kuopa olamulira ambiri. Monga lingaliro la kuti zipani, boma, mfundo ina osiyana ndi awo, pangakhale chabe rushila onse opondereza opondereza dongosolo.

Kuti timvetse bwino kwambiri zipani, Ndi bwino kuwerenga ntchito ya sayansi ya University of Tartu, nzeru zapamwamba Leonida Naumovicha Stolovicha. Buku lake ndi yonse, mosalekeza komanso mwadongosolo kuposa zina zofanana kokoka nzeru. Buku kumaphatikizapo zigawo zitatu:

1. nzeru pluralist.
2. Zipani mu nzeru.
3. nzeru Pluralist.

Onse amene ali ndi chidwi zimene zipani, tanthauzo angapezeke mu bukhu ili. Amagwiritsidwanso ndithu ambiri asonyeza kuti n'zotheka njira chimaphunzitsa n'zofunika kuti kulenga, kulenga maganizo nthanthi lingaliro.