Nzeru ya Roma; mbiri, zili ndi sukulu zoyambirira

nzeru Roma amakhala ndi eclecticism, monga ena nyengo iyi. chikhalidwe unakhazikitsidwa zotsutsana ndi chitukuko Greek ndi pa nthawi yomweyo anamva mgwirizano ndi izo. nzeru Roma si chidwi kwambiri njira mmene chilengedwe - iye makamaka za moyo kugonjetsa mavuto ndi ngozi, komanso mmene kuphatikiza chipembedzo, sayansi, logic ndi makhalidwe.

Chiphunzitso cha makhalidwe a

Chimodzi mwa nthumwi wotchuka kwambiri wa sukulu Asitoiki anali Seneca. Iye anali mphunzitsi wa Nero - wotchuka chifukwa mbiri zoipa Mfumu ya Roma. nzeru Seneca a limafotokoza ntchito monga "Letters kuti Lucilla," "Mafunso ya chilengedwe." Koma Roma Stoicism isiyana ndi malo tingachipeze powerenga Greek. Choncho, Zeno ndi Chrysippus ndinaganiza mfundo mafupa nzeru ndi moyo - sayansi. Ethics, iwo anakhulupirira minofu yake. Seneca la Asitoiki anali watsopano. Moyo ndi maganizo a aliyense ukoma otchedwa chikhalidwe. Inde, ndipo malinga ndi mfundo zake moyo. Pakuti sanavomereze kupondereza mwana wake ndi Akhristu ndi chitsutso, Mfumu analamula Seneca adziphe yekha, kuti iye anali ndi ulemu ndi anachita.

Sukulu ya kudzichepetsa ndi kuwunikidwa

Stoicism nzeru za Greece ndi Rome anazindikira chidwi kwambiri ndi dera lino mpaka mapeto a masiku amakedzana. Wina woganiza bwino odziwika sukulu iyi Epictetus - nzeru zapamwamba woyamba wa dziko akale amene anali kapolo mwa kubadwa. Iwo anasiya amaonekera pa maganizo ake. Epictetus mwaganizapo poyera kuti akapolo ndi anthu omwewo, monga wina aliyense, amene anali palibe nzeru za Agiriki. Iye stoicism anaonekera moyo, sayansi, kulola kukhalabe wodekha, osati kufunafuna zosangalatsa ndi kukhala na mantha ya infa. Iye ananena kuti sayenera kwambiri wolakalakika, ndi zimene zili kumeneko. Ndiye inu sadzachita manyazi mu moyo. credo wake nthanthi Epictetus otchedwa mphwayi, sayansi kufa. Izi iye anatcha Logos kumvera (kwa Mulungu). Kudzichepetsa kuti tsogolo ndi chiwonetsero cha ufulu wapamwamba wauzimu. Epictetus wotsatira wa Mfumu Mark Avrely.

okayikira

Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amene amaphunzira chitukuko cha anthu, monga limodzi kali chodabwitsa monga nzeru wakale. Ancient Greece ndi Rome anali ofanana ndi mnzake angapo mfundo. Ndi zina pa nthawi mochedwa kalekale. Mwachitsanzo, Agiriki ndi Aroma anaganiza ankadziwa chodabwitsa monga kukayikira. umenewu nthawi zonse zidzachitika kuchepa mitundu aakulu. Nzeru Roma nthumwi zake zinali Enesidem ku Knossos (mwana Pyrrhon) Agrippa Sekst Empirik. Onse a iwo anali ofanana ndi mzake kotero kuti iwo Anapikisana ndi mtundu uliwonse wa dogmatism. chiphiphiritso yaikulu kulimbikitsa mfundo yakuti onse amalanga akutsutsana ndi kukana okha, koma kukayikira onse ndipo nthawi yomweyo amaganizira funso.

"Pa Nature Zinthu"

Epicureanism anali wina kusukulu otchuka ku Roma. nzeru imeneyi itadziwika makamaka chiyamiko Tito Lucretius Kara, amene anakhalapo mu nthawi yovuta kwambiri. Iye anali womasulira wa Epicurus, ndi ndakatulo "Pa Nature Zinthu" mu vesi awafotokozera dongosolo lake aumunthu. Choyamba, anafotokozera chiphunzitso cha maatomu. Iwo asalandidwe katundu aliyense, koma iwo kuphatikiza kulenga khalidwe la zinthu. chiwerengero cha maatomu mu chikhalidwe yofanana. Chifukwa cha iwo, pali kusinthika pa nkhaniyi. kanthu amachokera kanthu. Maiko angapo, iwo uka ndi kufa monga mwa chilamulo mokakamiza zachilengedwe, ndipo maatomu ndi wosatha. Chilengedwe chonse ali wopandamalire, nthawi kumeneko yekha mu zinthu ndi njira, osati chake.

Epicureanism

Lucretius anali mmodzi wa anthu anzeru zabwino ndi ndakatulo ku Roma. nzeru wake zachititsa chidwi komanso chakukhosi m'mibadwo yake. Nthawi zonse anakangana ndi zina, makamaka okayikira. Lucretius ankakhulupirira kuti iwo ankakhulupirira kanthu otha ntchito ojambulira sayansi, chifukwa mukatero ife adzakhala nthawi zonse kuganiza kuti tsiku lililonse dzuwa latsopano kukacha. Komabe timadziwa kuti ichi ndi chimodzi ndi kuwala komweko. Lucretius komanso anatsutsa lingaliro Plato wa kwa miyoyo. Iye ananena kuti, chifukwa munthu uyu adzakhala kufa, kusiyana kumene mzimu wake akulowa. Osauka ndi maganizo mwa munthu wabadwa, wakalamba ndipo limafa. Lucretius ndi kuganizira za chiyambi cha chitukuko. Iye analemba kuti anthu oyambirira ankakhala m'chigawo cha nkhanza, sitinkadziwa moto. gulu chifukwa cha mgwirizano pakati pa anthu. Lucretius analalikira ngati kulibe Mulungu Epikureya ndi pa nthawi yomweyo kudzudzulidwa makhalidwe Roma kwambiri wokhotakhota.

apamwamba

Nthumwi yowala wa eclecticism ku Roma, nzeru zomwe ndi nkhani imeneyi, anali Cicero. Chifukwa cha zonse amaganiza kuti iye ndi apamwamba. wandale ameneyu ndipo anayesa kuti agwirizane chilakolako Aroma kwa ukoma ndi luso Greek kuti philosophise. Zinali Cicero amene anayambitsa mawu akuti "gumanitas" limene ife tsopano ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mu nkhani zandale ndi anthu. M'munda wa sayansi kuti angatchedwe ndi polymath woganiza. Monga makhalidwe abwino ndi makhalidwe, m'dera lino, iye anakhulupirira kuti aliyense malangizo ndi njira ukoma mwini. Choncho, munthu aliyense ophunzira ayenera kudziwa njira iliyonse chidziwitso, ndi kuwatenga. Ndi mitundu yonse ya mavuto tsiku ndi tsiku kuthana ndi mphamvu ya chifuniro.

sukulu nthanthi-achipembedzo

Nthawi imeneyi anapitiriza kuti kusintha ndi nzeru za miyambo yakale. Ancient Rome bwino pozindikira za Plato ndi otsatira ake. Makamaka pa nthawi iyi anali ndi akatswiri achipembedzo sukulu yapamwamba, akulumikiza West ndi East. The mfundo zikuluzikulu analeredwa ndi ziphunzitso - ndi kusiyana kwa chiŵerengero cha mzimu ndi vuto.

Amodzi mwa malo otchuka anali neopifagoreystvo. Unalimbikitsa lingaliro la Mulungu mmodzi, ndi dziko ladzala ndi zotsutsana. Neo-Pythagoreans amakhulupirira matsenga manambala. Lodziwika bwino chithunzi cha kusukulu anali Apollonius wa Tyana, amene amanyozedwa Apuleius mu "Metamorphoses". Mwa luntha Roma chogwidwa chiphunzitso cha Philo wa Alexandria, yemwe anali kuyesera kulumikiza Chiyuda ndi Platonism. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti Yehova walenga Logos, amene analenga dziko. No Chichewa zodabwitsa kamodzi otchedwa Philo "amalume wa Chikhristu."

Zochita yotentha

sukulu Basic of Ancient Rome monga nzeru ndi Neo-Platonism. Anzeru gulu limeneli analenga chiphunzitso cha dongosolo lonse la intermediaries - emanations - pakati pa Mulungu ndi dziko lapansi. Yotchuka kwambiri anali Neoplatonists ammonium Saccas, Plotinus, Iamblichus, Proclus. Iwo ankati yambiri. Mu filosofi Neoplatonists ankafufuza ndondomeko ya chilengedwe monga kosangalatsa watsopano ndi wosatha kubwerera. Iwo ankakhulupirira Mulungu chifukwa, mfundo, umunthu ndi cholinga cha zinthu zonse. Mlengi akathira mu dziko, chifukwa munthu ngati atikhaulitse mukhoza kupita kwa iye. Ndi boma iwo anamutcha chisangalalo. Pafupi Iamblichus anali otsutsa wosatha Neoplatonists - Anositiki. Iwo anakhulupirira kuti zoyipa ali oyima payekha chiyambi, ndipo emanations onse chifukwa chakuti chilengedwe wayamba ndi chifuniro cha Mulungu.

Nzeru za ku Roma anali mwachidule tafotokozazi. Ife tikuona kuti mfundo za nthawi iyi anali wolemera kufooketsedwa ndi anzake amene analipo m'mbuyomo. Icho chinali akatswiri achigiriki zachilengedwe, Asitoiki, zokhudza chiphunzitso cha Plato, Pythagoreans. Kumene, Aroma mu chinachake chimene chasintha kapena anayamba mphamvu ya malingaliro m'mbuyomu. Koma ndi popularization awo kwenikweni opindulitsa nzeru akale wonse. Ndipotu, ndi chifukwa cha nzeru zapamwamba Roma Ulaya anadziwa ndi Agiriki ndipo anayamba kuphunzira iwo mopitirira.