Wafilosofi wachiyuda Martin Buber: yonena, moyo, zilandiridwenso ndi chidwi mfundo

Martin Buber - Ayuda zaumunthu kwambiri ndi nzeru zapamwamba, komanso odziwika bwino anthu ndi m'zachipembedzo. umunthu Izi osokoneza, n'kovuta kwambiri. Akatswiri ena kuganizira iye theorist, woyambitsa wa Zionism. Ena kuitana nzeru existential wa ukulu choyamba. Amene anali kwenikweni Martin (Mordechai) Buber? yonena wake ndi ntchito yaikulu adzakhala wodzipereka kwa nkhani ino.

Wafilosofi anakhala ndi moyo wautali, koma osauka zochitika kunja moyo. Koma, ngakhalebe, iye anali nzika ya ntchito zambiri mbiri ndiponso maphunziro. dzina Buber ndi dziko wotchuka. Iye ankagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana za chikhalidwe. Nkhawa osati nzeru za moyo wa munthu, komanso maphunziro, zojambulajambula, Chaanthu, ndale, chipembedzo (makamaka Yophunzitsa Baibulo). ntchito yake padziko Hasidism linamasuliridwa m'zinenero zambiri. Koma owerenga Russian lilipo si kwambiri ntchito za nzeru zapamwamba wa. koma iwo anatitumiza kuti "luso Ayuda", "Yokonzanso Ayuda" ndi nambala ya nkhani. Mu makumi asanu ndi awiri ndi iwo zimatumizidwa kwa ndalama zapadera. ntchito Buber anali tinalisindikizanso ndi kufika mwa nzika mwapang'onopang'ono Soviet mu samizdat.

Wambiri Martina Bubera. Ubwana ndi unyamata

Mordechai anabadwa (Martin) Buber ku Vienna pa February 8, 1878 mu banja mwachilungamo wolemera Ayuda. The mnyamata sanali akale ngakhale zaka zitatu, makolo ake linatha. The bambo anatenga mwana wake Lemberg (lero Lviv, Ukraine), amene anali mbali ya dziko la Austria ndi Hungary. mumzinda uno kunyumba kwa agogo kumbali bambo wa Martin - Solomon ndi Adele. Shlomo Buber (anamwalira mu 1906), anali banki olemera. Koma iye anali wotchuka mu Lviv sichoncho, ndi kuti anali katswiri wanzeru mu kalembedwe midrash. Ndipo chotero ulamuliro waukulu mu dera Hasidic ku Lviv. Agogo ndi mnyamata anaika chikondi cha M'Chiheberi. Iye kwenikweni anatsegula zitseko zake mu mtima wa dziko chidwi ndi chinsisi cha Hasidism - lachipembedzo kuti anatuluka mu m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu pakati pa Ayuda a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya. Agogo kuwerenga mnyamata ochokera kwa Kabbalah ndi agogo ake anamuphunzitsa Chiheberi anaika kukonda mabuku ndi chipembedzo.

Hasidism ndi nzeru za kukambirana Martin Buber

Mu Lviv nzeru zapamwamba tsogolo anaphunzira za "achipembedzo" Chiyuda. Woyambitsa wa Hasidism, Israyeli Baala Semu Tov ankakhulupirira kuti chikhulupiriro choona si mu ziphunzitso za Talmud, ndi ubwenzi Mulungu ndi mtima wathu wonse, moyo wosangalala lachinsinsi linanena bungwe la pemphero yovula otentha mtima. Izi chisangalalo achipembedzo zimachitika kukambirana ufulu ndi Mlengi wa dziko lonse. Choncho, Hasidim ikuyenda kuchokera Ziletsozi kunja kutipanikiza a Chiyuda. Amene nthawi zonse amalankhula Mulungu, tsadiks angathe ulosi ndi clairvoyance. Anthu achipembedzo kuthandiza ndi zina Hasidim makutu chipulumutso ndi kusambitsidwa ku uchimo. Izi lonse chachinsinsi ndipo lachinsinsi dziko la kwambiri mukopedwe achinyamata Martin Buber. Mu buku lake, "njirawo ndi Hasidism" Iye anati izo mu kamphindi anazindikira akamanena za zipembedzo zonse anthu. Kulumikizana uku, kukambirana ndi Mulungu, ubale Ine ndi Inu.

Maphunziro. zaka mwana

Agogo banki anaonetsetsa kuti mdzukulu wake anali maphunziro waluntha. Pa khumi, Martin Buber anagwirizana chiphunzitso cha University of Vienna. Atamaliza maphunzirowo, anapitiriza maphunziro ake ku sukulu ya sekondale mu Zurich ndi Leipzig. Pa University of Berlin aphunzitsi ake anali Dilthey ndi Georg Simmel. Mu zaka makumi awiri a unyamata adatengedwa Zionism. Iye anali nthumwi ku Congress kuyenda Ayuda Chachitatu. Mu naintini handiredi ndi woyamba chaka anatumikira monga mkonzi Zionist ya mlungu ndi mlungu "De Welt". Pamene chipani linagawanika Buber, amene anakhalapo pa nthawi imeneyo mu Berlin, anakhazikitsa yosindikiza wake nyumba amatchedwa "Yudisher Verlag". Anawombola mabuku wachiyuda ku German. Musalole mpaka achinyamata chidwi nkhani Hasidism. Iye anamasulira mu German mndandanda wa mafanizo ndi nkhani ya Rabi Nachman wa Bratslav. Kenako ntchito odzipereka Hasidism "gogi ndi magogi" (1941), "Kuwala kwa chobisika" (1943) ndi "Pardes ha hasidut". Buber amalipira kwambiri chidwi ndi zinthu zosangalatsa.

Zionism ndi sosholisimu

Mu 1916, Martin Buber anakhala mkonzi wamkulu wa mwezi "Der Yuda". Bukuli wakhala kamwa ya chitsitsimutso wauzimu Ayuda. Anayambitsanso National Committee Ayuda, amene pa chiyambi cha World Choyamba ankaimira zofuna za kum'mawa kwa Ulaya Yishuv. Ndipo potsiriza, mu 1920, nzeru zapamwamba kukonza malo ake achitukuko. Iye ananena nawo Prague Zionist Congress. Zimenezi ndi zofanana kulira kwa kagulu sosholisimu. Pankhani funso dziko, Buber ananena kuti "mtendere ndi ubale ndi anthu Arab," akulimbikitsa mitundu onse azikhala pamodzi "yatsopano dziko wamba." Malo I - Inu, kukambirana komwe mbali angathe kumva ndi kumvetsa "choonadi" kwa ena, anapanga maziko a nzeru za woganiza.

Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, ndipo patapita zaka

Mu nthawi ya pakati pa nkhondo ziwiri, Buber ntchito pa yunivesite ya Frankfurt. Iye anali pulofesa mu dipatimenti ya mwambo ndi nzeru za Chiyuda. Pamene mphamvu mu makumi atatu anabwera National Socialists, nzeru zapamwamba anachotsedwa ntchito. Posachedwapa, iye anathawa kuchokera ku Germany kuti Switzerland. Koma kenako anasamukira ndi ku dziko kuti kulowerera ndale mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. Martin Buber, amene ankagwira coexistence mtendere pakati pa Ayuda ndi Palestinians, tsoka, anali "mawu ofuula m'chipululu" ndipo anasamukira ku Yerusalemu. Mu mzinda uwu woyera ndi nzeru zapamwamba anakhala kuchokera 1938 mpaka mu 1965. Iye anafa June 13 pa zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri. Mu Isiraeli, Buber ankagwira ntchito yophunzitsa pa dipatimenti ya Chaanthu pa University of Jerusalem. Mu zaka zao za sikisite oyambirira, iye anapatsidwa udindo aulemu wa pulezidenti woyamba wa Isiraeli Academy of Sciences.

njira anthropological kwa nzeru za Martin Buber

Adakali wophunzira, nzeru zapamwamba amatilongosolera nawo zokambirana Nietzschean unyamata. Chiphunzitso cha mtsogoleri ndi khamu, 'anthu amodzi "siyoyenera kwa iye. Komabe, iye anazindikira kuti Nietzsche anayesa pa kutsogolo vuto kuli wapadera anthu m'dziko limene "Mulungu akukana kuti anthu pamaso pake." Komabe, azilankhula pamaziko a mtengo wa munthu aliyense, ndinaganiza Martin Buber. "Vuto la munthu" - makamaka ntchito polemical chimene wasayansi amazitsutsa Nietzsche postulates. "Chifuniro The zopangira" simungathe, mu maganizo ake, kutumikira monga muuni wotsogolera kwa umunthu amphamvu ndi mizimu ufulu. njira imeneyi amadzachita kupondereza wamkulu. Pokambirana Nietzsche, ndiponso ngati atamwa Dilthey ndi Ziemer, aphunzitsi ake, mu kukhwima lingaliro lake Buber mwini wa Anthropology.

Martin Buber, "Inu ndi ine": Mwachidule

ntchito izi, ndithudi, angatchedwe waukulu nthanthi ntchito za woganiza a. Iwo Buber wavala mamba osiyana ubale "Ine - izo" ndipo "ine - Iwe". Only mu Zikatero, kukambirana zotheka, lotha kulumikizana moyo. Munthu amatanthauza chinachake kapena wina monga "iwo" akutembenukira ntchito yothandiza. Koma munthu - si njira ndi cholinga. Poyerekezera ndi mzake monga "Inu" amapatsa ophunzira mu kukambirana za uzimu, chikhalidwe wapatali. Bronislaw Malinowski anayambitsa mawu akuti "Mana" zolowa aumunthu. Izi ndi mawu ku Polynesia molondola amasonyeza kumverera doreligioznogo kuzindikira, kumverera mphamvu yosaoneka yomwe ilinso ndi munthu, nyama, mtengo, ndipo ngakhale chodabwitsa cha nkhaniyo. Malinga Buber, izi mitundu iwiri ya maubwenzi kungadzutse potsutsa mfundo za dziko. Kumene, munthu amavutika kukhalabe zonse mu mkhalidwe "Ine -. Iwe" Koma amene nthawi zonse amatanthauza dziko kunja monga "iwo" wotaya moyo wake.

achipembedzo

ntchito chinthu china chofunika kwambiri, amene analemba Martin Buber - "Awiri zithunzi za chikhulupiriro." Mu buku lino, nzeru zapamwamba zimene anakumana nazo ubwana wake polowa dziko la lachinsinsi la, pang'ono chibadwidwe wa Hasidism. Kusiyana lake m'buku la Talmud Chiyuda. N'zothekanso kusiyanitsa njira ziwiri zoyambirira chikhulupiriro. Choyamba, pistis - ndi zomveka "Greek" njira. Mwanjira imeneyi, chikhulupiriro - atatengedwa kupita ku nkhani kuganizira. Iwo angatchedwe chidziwitso kapena "amanena sayansi". Chikhulupiriro chotere "Pistis" chimatsutsana "emunah". Bukuli lili ndi kukhulupirira, chikondi wamoyo, ulemu kwa Mulungu monga "Inu." Buber limafotokoza mmene oyambirira Chikhristu pang'onopang'ono imasiyana mzimu baibulo amagwirizana ndi mtima, maganizo maganizo a Atate Akumwamba, kuti chiphunzitso Church ndi kumukhazika iye zidindo akufa.

zongoganiza

Mu yunivesite ya Zurich ndi Vienna, Martin Buber, amene nzeru zambiri okonda existentialism, psychoanalysis kumvetsera maphunziro. Iye ali ndi chidwi ndi umunthu mu mbali zonse. Maganizo zongoganiza wasayansi amaona ngati kudwala maganizo. Nkhani nkhani yolembedwa wake digirii anali kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane za nzeru za Meister Eckhart ndi Yakoba Bome. Izi German zongoganiza mochedwa Ages Middle anali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa Buber. Monga wophunzira a Dilthey, nzeru zapamwamba anayesa kuti azolowere zinachitikira achipembedzo manyazi Eckhart Republic. Pakuti Haji onse a kulapa ndi ankasala kudya, chirichonse chimene enforces ziphunzitso, ndi wopanda phindu ngati munthu safuna kuyanjana ndi Mulungu. Boehme komanso amanena kuti malamulo ayenera kukhala mkati kulembedwa pa magome a mtima, osati kunja monga mbalume.

«Chassidic nthano»

Lachinsinsi masiku Chiyuda - ndi chilakolako, amene mapeto a moyo gravitated Martin Buber. Mabuku a Hassidism wolemba awa omwe anamasuliridwa m'zinenero zambiri. Mu, anayesetsa kuti awulule chikhulupiriro kukambirana ndi Mulungu, monga kukhulupirira moyo Mlengi. The lomaliza anali "Chassidic mwambo." chilankhulo Russian yatembenuzidwa okha oyambirira a buku lake. Mu buku lino, Buber Hasidism anapereka chithunzi chatsopano - ndi mtundu wanyimbo zolembalemba. Muulngu kupyola mu mndandanda wa chikhulupiriro nkhaniyo. Mwa njira iyi, monga Martin Buber, n'zotheka kukhazikitsa kukambirana mlatho pakati pa mwamuna ndi "sacrum", pakati pa "ine" ndi "inu." Njira imeneyi wakhala kudzudzulidwa ndi Gerisomu Scholem, woyambitsa wa kuphunzira maphunziro wa gulu lachinsinsi Chiyuda. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti Buber ananyalanyaza cholowa nthanthi ya Hasidism.