Nyukiliya maphatikizidwe. Cold maphatikizidwe. mphamvu nyukiliya

Cold maphatikizidwe akhoza kutchedwa ozizira maphatikizidwe. Kwenikweni umenewu chagona mu kuthekera kwa nyukiliya maphatikizidwe anachita lomwe limapezeka mu kachitidwe mankhwala aliwonse. Izi adzatenge palibe kutenthedwa kwambiri sing'anga ntchito. Monga amadziwika, ochiritsira nyukiliya anachita pochititsa kulenga kutentha kumene anayeza miliyoni madigiri Kelvin. Cold maphatikizidwe chiphunzitso sikutanthauza chotero kutentha.

Kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana ndipo zatsopano

Phunziro ozizira maphatikizidwe, pa dzanja limodzi, amaona chinyengo koyera. Palibe malo ena kafukufuku uyu sizingafanane ndi iye. Komano, n'zotheka kuti mbali iyi sayansi sichinayambe anaphunzira mpaka mapeto, ndipo onse sangathe ankamuona ngati enaake, koma chinyengo kwambiri. Komabe, mbiri ya maphatikizidwe ozizira akadali pano ngati si onyenga, inu mwina openga.

Kuzindikila zoyerekeza-malangizo ndi mfundo zotsutsa, amene kakusintha ozizira maphatikizidwe luso, anali kulephera ambiri asayansi ntchito m'munda uwu, komanso ntchito ndi anthu tampering. Kale kuyambira 2002, asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti ntchito pa nkhani alibe chiyembekezo.

Komabe, ena akufuna zotani zofanana akupitiriza. Choncho, mu 2008, wasayansi Japanese ku University of Osaka anasonyeza poyera kuyesera, anachita ndi selo electrochemical. Zinali Yoshiaki Arata. Pambuyo pa kuwonetsera kwa asayansi linadzazanso kulankhula za kuthekera kapena ndikosatheka maphatikizidwe ozizira, amene akanapereka sayansi ya nyukiliya. Asayansi ena akhoza sayansi ya nyukiliya ndi zimapangidwira, akufunafuna kulungamitsa zodabwitsazi. Ndipo iwo amachita izo kuti tipeze mafotokozedwe osati nyukiliya, ndipo ina. Komanso, ndi chifukwa chakuti zokhudza nyutironi cheza palibe.

History Fleyshmana ndi Pons

Mbiri kwambiri a buku la Baibulo ili la malangizo sayansi maso a mabungwe ndi zolakwika. Zonse zinayamba March 23, 1989. Zinali ndiye kuti Professor Martin Fleyshman ndi mnzake Stenli Ponsom anapangitsa msonkhano wa atolankhani, umene unachitika pa yunivesite kumene akatswiri ntchito, mu State wa Utah (USA). Kenako ananena kuti iwo ozizira maphatikizidwe anachita yakhala ikuchitidwa ndi panopa wamba magetsi kudzera electrolyte lapansi. Ndi akatswiri kunena kuti iwo anali kupeza chenicheni mphamvu zokolola chifukwa cha zimene ie wochepa. Komanso, iwo anaona cheza nyukiliya chifukwa anachita ndi akuchokera electrolyte lapansi.

Kupanga neno kwenikweni analenga furor mu asayansi. Kumene, otsika kutentha maphatikizidwe nyukiliya opangidwa desiki yosavuta, kodi ukasintha kusintha dziko lonse. Sipafinikanso yaikulu machitidwe zovuta mankhwala, zimene zili ndalama yaikulu ndalama, ndipo zotsatira mu mawonekedwe a kupeza zimene anakhumba liti pamene - Unknown. Ngati zonse anatsimikizira Fleyshmana ndi Pons ndayembekezera tsogolo chachikulu, ndipo anthu - kuchepetsa ndithu ndalama.

Koma kutero ntchito akatswiri anali kulakwitsa kwawo. Ndipo, amene amadziwa, mwinamwake zofunika kwambiri. chakuti anthu ammudzi asayansi osati anaganiza mfundo iliyonse kwa atolankhani za zoyambitsidwa wake kapena atulukira pamaso zokhudza adzakhala m'magazini apadera sayansi. Asayansi akubwera yomweyo kulandira kutsutsa, amaona mtundu wa kukoma zoipa asayansi. Malinga ndi malamulo, kuti kafukufuku aliyense kutsegula mtima wonse unkayenera kuti awadziwitse woyamba sayansi, umene kusankha kaya ndi Kutulukira oona, kaya m'pofunika ambiri kuzindikira kutsegula. Tikaona malamulo amaona kudzipereka zonse kukhalabe mobisa za nkhaniyi, amene anatulukira ayenera kutsatira Kutengera wa nkhani yake mu buku ndi nthawi kulifalitsa. Nyukiliya sayansi pankhaniyi nazonso.

Fleyshman ndi mnzake wake adatumiza nkhaniyi mu sayansi inati, wotchedwa Nature ndipo ali ambiri odalirika buku la sayansi padziko lonse. anthu onse chikugwirizana ndi sayansi, iwo amadziwa kuti magazini ino si kufalitsa nkhani yopanda umboni, ndipo ngakhale koposa osati kufalitsa aliyense. Martin Fleyshman kale pa nthawi imene ankaona kuti ndi asayansi wolemekezeka ntchito m'munda wa electrochemistry Choncho, anagonjera nkhani anali kumasulidwa posachedwa. Izi ndiye zimene zinacitika. miyezi itatu asadandaule kwambiri fated msonkhano buku anatuluka, koma kukomeza ozungulira kutsegula kale linathyoka. Mwina Choncho, mkonzi wamkulu wa Nature Dzhon Meddoks m'magazini yotsatira ya magazini mwezi lofalitsidwa kukayikira kupezeka Fleyshmana ndi Pons, ndiponso kuti mphamvu awo anachita nyukiliya chinapezeka. M'nkhani lake, iye analemba kuti akatswiri ayenera kulangidwa chifukwa Kuwulura wake msanga. Pali inu anauzidwa kuti asayansi awa sadzalola anthu kuti nkhani zoyambitsidwa wake, ndi amene kutero akhoza ankaona adventurers chabe.

Patapita nthawi, Pons ndi Fleyshmanu anali anachitira nkhonya ina, imene tingati ndi choopsa. Ochita kafukufuku ku United States mabungwe kafukufuku American (Massachusetts ndi California Institute of Technology) kuchitikira ndiyo anabwereza kuyesera akatswiri kupanga zinthu wofanana ndi zinthu. Komabe, zotsatira sanadutsitse kuti zinapha Fleyshmanom.

Nkotheka kapena zosatheka?

Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, padali kugawanikana bwino dera lonse sayansi m'magulu awiri. Othandiza wotsimikizika kuti maphatikizidwe onse ozizira - izi ndi zopeka, ndiko kanthu adayambitsa. Komabe, ena akukhulupirirabe kuti ozizira maphatikizidwe ndi zotheka, kuti asadandaule kwambiri fated akatswiri akadali anapeza kuti mapeto apulumutse anthu onse, kum'patsa ndi sizidzatha gwero la mphamvu.

chakuti ngati chilichonse chimachitika Kutulukira njira zatsopano zimene zidzatheke ozizira maphatikizidwe anachita, ndiponso moyenera, phindu la anapeza oterowo adzakhala kwambiri kwa anthu onse padziko latsala mbali iyi sayansi asayansi zambiri, gawo la amene Ndipotu tinganene kuti zoberana. limati lonse ndi kuyesetsa ndithu kumanga mmodzi siteshoni maphatikizidwe, tikungotaya kuchuluka yaikulu ndalama, ndi ozizira maphatikizidwe amatha yopezera mphamvu ndi njira yosavuta mwamtheradi ndi zimakhalanso zotsika mtengo. Zimenezi n'zimene amakopa anthu amene akufuna kupindula ndi chinyengo, komanso anthu ena amene ali ndi mavuto a m'maganizo. Pakati pa mbali ya njira ya ulimi mphamvu angapezeke, ndi anthu ndipo ena.

Nkhani ya maphatikizidwe ozizira basi ankayenera kulowa Archive otchedwa nkhani zabodza-sayansi. Ngati inu mukuyang'ana pa njira imene timapeza mphamvu maphatikizidwe nyukiliya, wodzisunga taonani, Tingathe kuona kuti kulumikiza ma atomu aŵiri mu kuchuluka yaikulu mphamvu chofunika. M'pofunika kuthetsa kukana magetsi. Kumangidwa pansi pa mphindi mayiko maphatikizidwe riyakitala, umene udzakhazikitsidwe mu Cadarache ku France anakonza kuchita kujowina maatomu awiri, ndiwo lightest wa alipo mu chikhalidwe. Monga Chifukwa pawiri amayenera kuti mpweya mphamvu positive. Izi maatomu awiri - tritium ndi deuterium. Zikuphatikizapo isotopes a hayidirojeni, kotero wa hydrogen maphatikizidwe nyukiliya adzakhala maziko. Kukhazikitsa kugwirizana zimenezi, m'pofunika Sindingachite kutentha - mamiliyoni madigiri. Ndithudi, izi kungafune ndi mavuto aakulu. Pachifukwa chimenechi, asayansi ambiri ndipo ndikukhulupirira kuti ozizira maphatikizidwe sangathe ankalamulira.

Kupambana ndi zolephera

Komabe, kulungamitsidwa wa kaphatikizidwe pansi kulingalira tisaiwale kuti palibe anthu okha ndi zinyengo ndi scammers, koma akatswiri ndi zabwinobwino mwa mafani wake. Pambuyo Fleyshmana kulankhula ndi Pons, ndi kulephera kwa kutsegula chiwerengero chawo asayansi ndi mabungwe kafukufuku apitiriza kuchita mbali iyi. Panali pano popanda akatswiri Russian, amene kutenga zoyesayesa yoyenera. Ndipo chinthu chidwi ndi zatsopano izi zina zinatha bwino, ndi zina - kulephera.

Komabe, sayansi ndi mosamalitsa: ngati pakhala anatulukira, ndi kuyesera anali opambana, ziyenera linabwerezedwanso ndi zabwino. Ngati izo siziri, monga anapeza kuti alibe kuzindikira ndi aliyense. Komanso, kubwereza kwa kuyesera bwino sakanakhoza kuchita ndi ofufuza okha. Nthawi zina, iwo amachita izo, mu zina - palibe. Chifukwa cha zimene zikuchitika, palibe munthu akanakhoza kuzifotokoza, pali palibe chifukwa sayansi ofotokoza kwa variable izi.

The zatsopano pano ndi namatetule

Mu nkhani onse pamwamba ndi Fleyshmanom Pons ndipo pali mbali ina ya ndalama, kukhala enieni mosamala kuti chinabisidwa choonadi m'mayiko a Azungu. chakuti Stanley Pons, poyamba anali nzika ya USSR. Mu 1970, iye anali membala wa Katswiri zodzoladzola makongoletsedwe thermionic unsembe. Kumene, Pons anali atamva kuti zinsinsi zambiri za boma Soviet, ndipo anasamuka ku United States, anayesa kugwiritsa iwo.

Mpainiya woona amene akwaniritsa kupambana ena ozizira maphatikizidwe nyukiliya, anali Ivan Stepanovich Filimonenko.

mudziwe mwachidule za sayansi Soviet

JS Filimonenko anamwalira mu 2013. Iye anali katswiri amene pang'ono kusiya zonse chitukuko cha mphamvu za nyukiliya, osati dziko lake komanso padziko lonse. Zinali iye amene pafupifupi anapanga unsembe wa nyukiliya maphatikizidwe ozizira, amene, mosiyana ndi zomera mphamvu ya zida zoopsa kukhala otetezeka ndi wotchipa kwambiri. Kuwonjezera unsembe ichi, wasayansi Soviet adalenga makina zouluka, kumadalira pa mfundo za antigravity. Iye ankadziwika ngati debunker wa ngozi zina zobisika imene ingathandize anthu ndi mphamvu za nyukiliya makampani. Scientist ntchito makampani motetezera USSR, anali maphunziro ndi katswiri pa chitetezo cha kutentha. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ena mwa ntchito za Academician, kuphatikizapo ozizira maphatikizidwe Filimonenko akadali wachinsinsi. Ivan Stepanovich anali nawo mwachindunji polenga haidrojeni, nyukiliya ndi nyutironi mabomba, chinkhoswe mu chitukuko cha nyukiliya cholinga kukhazikitsa maroketi mu mlengalenga.

Khazikitsa ndi academician Soviet

Mu 1957, Ivan Filimonenko anayamba magetsi ozizira maphatikizidwe nyukiliya imene dziko akhoza kupulumutsa mpaka madola mazana atatu biliyoni chaka, kugwiritsa ntchito gawo la mphamvu. Kutulukira wasayansi ya unali werera ndi boma, komanso ngati odziwika bwino ndodo anakhoza Kurchatov, Keldysh, Korolev. zochitika zina anatulukira ndi kubweretsa Filimonenko kuti anamaliza boma amavomereza pamene polimbana Zhukov yekha. Oyamba Ivan Stepanovich anali gwero umene iwo anali yotengedwa woyera mphamvu nyukiliya, ndi kuwonjezera, zikhoza kukuthandizani kupeza chitetezo ku cheza nyukiliya ndi zotsatirapo za kuipitsidwa nyukiliya.

Kuyimitsidwa ntchito Filimonenko

N'zotheka kuti patapita kanthawi kuyambitsa zinapangidwa ndi Ivan Filimonenko kwa mlingo mafakitale ndi anthu kuti amuchotsepo mavuto ambiri. Koma tsoka pa nkhope ya anthu ena analamula ayi. anzake Kurchatov ndi Korolev anamwalira, ndipo polimbana Zhukov anatsanzika. Ichi chinali chiyambi cha otchedwa masewera-zithunzi mu asayansi. The chifukwa anali zosiya zonse ntchito Filimonenko, ndipo mu 1967 zinachitikira kuchotsedwa wake. chifukwa zinanso zimenezi wakhala choyenera wasayansi ndi nkhondo kutha kwa mayesero zida za nyukiliya. ntchito zake zonse kukangana mavuto anavutika ndi chikhalidwe ndi mwachindunji kwa anthu Kutengera ake anaimitsidwa ntchito ambiri kukhazikitsa maroketi mu mlengalenga ndi nyukiliya (ngozi iliyonse kwa roketi ndi zimene zinachitika mu kanjira, ankatha kuopseza kuipitsidwa nyukiliya padziko lonse lapansi). Popeza mtundu manja kuti ikupita patsogolo pamene Academician Filimonenko anakhala zokayikitsa kuti anthu ena mkulu. maofesi wake experimental anapeza kuti zikutsutsana ndi malamulo a chilengedwe, wasayansi zipolopolo ndi achotsedwa Party Communist ndi mosatsata tithe onse ndi zambiri yolengeza munthu osokonekera mutu.

Kale mu Mipingo mochedwa - chiyambi cha nineties ndi ntchito ya academician makutu, anayamba nthambi yatsopano komanso koma iwo onse anabweretsa zotsatira zabwino sanali. Ivan Filimonenko akufuna lingaliro la ntchito wagawo wake m'manja ndi cholinga kuthetsa mavuto a Chernobyl, koma anakanidwa. Mu nthawi kuchokera 1968 mpaka 1989 Filimonenko inachotsedwa kuyezetsa aliyense ndi kulimbikira maphatikizidwe ozizira, ndipo okha chitukuko, zithunzi ndi zojambula ndi ena ogwira Soviet sayansi anali kunja.

Mu 90s m'mawa United States anenapo mayesero bwino imene ankati analandira mphamvu zoopsa chifukwa cha maphatikizidwe ozizira. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti chakuti lodziwika bwino Soviet wasayansi kachiwiri anakumbukira boma lake. Anabwezeretsedwa mu malo ake, koma sizinathandize. Pamene Soviet Union anayamba udzangotha, ndalama zochepa, motero, ndipo zotsatira zake zinali ayi. Monga zotchulidwa kuyankhulana ndi Ivan Stepanovich, powona kupitirirabe ndi pa yomweyo zinalephereka zoyesayesa za asayansi ambiri padziko lonse kupeza zabwino maphatikizidwe ozizira, anazindikira kuti popanda palibe amene adzatha kuona bwinobwino. Ndipo, ndithudi, iye ananena zoona. Kuyambira mu 1991 mpaka 1993, akatswiri US ndapeza unsembe Filimonenko, ndipo sanathe kumvetsetsa mmene zochita zake, ndiponso ngakhale chaka ndi chiyani ankaiphwasula izo. Mu 1996, anthu otchuka a ku United States anadzipereka kuti madola Ivan Stepanovich miliyoni zana chabe chifukwa chakuti iwo anawapatsa malangizo kufotokoza mmene riyakitala ozizira maphatikizidwe, kuti iye anakana.

Akamanena za zatsopano Soviet academician

Ivan Filimonenko kuyesa anapeza kuti kuwonongeka kwa madzi otchedwa lolemera ndi electrolysis izo linawola mu mpweya ndi deuterium. inawo, nayenso uli kusungunuka mu palladium cathode, mmene kukhala nyukiliya maphatikizidwe anachita. Mu ndondomeko ya zikuchitika Filimonenko anapereka pakalibe onse zinyalala za nyukiliya ndi cheza nyutironi. Komanso, chifukwa cha zatsopano wake, Ivan Stepanovich anapeza kuti maphatikizidwe wake nyukiliya riyakitala limatulutsa cheza kalekale, ndipo izi kumachepetsa kwambiri umuna wa hafu ya moyo wa isotopes nyukiliya. Amene kuchepetsa ndi asaipitsidwe.

Akukhulupirira kuti Filimonenko nthawi anakana m'malo ake riyakitala unsembe nyukiliya m'misasa mobisa, wophunzitsidwa ndi atsogoleri apamwamba wa USSR likhoza nkhondo ya nyukiliya. Masiku amenewo, anadzasokoneza ndi Cuba chida mavuto, ndipo limakhala ndi kuthekera kwambiri ya chiyambi chake. Anatsalira ku mabwalo ulamuliro wa United States ndi Soviet Union ndi m'mizinda izi mobisa kuipitsidwa kwa nyukiliya zikanakhoza kupha zamoyo miyezi ingapo. Nawo riyakitala Filimonenko ozizira maphatikizidwe akhoza kulenga zone chitetezo cha kuipitsidwa nyukiliya, ngati academician anavomera ichi, Mwina nkhondo ya nyukiliya akhoza ziwonjezeke angapo khola. Ngati uyu analidi choncho, kuwamana Iye za mphoto onse ndi kupondereza zina kupeza chowaloleza awo.

ofunda maphatikizidwe

JS Filimonenko hydrolysis mbewu matenthedwe mphamvu umuna ali wolengedwa amene ali woyera mwamtheradi. Mpaka tsopano palibe amodzi kulenga zofanana analogue TEGEU. Akamanena za zomera ndi pa nthawi yomweyo, mosiyana ndi mayunitsi ena ofanana chinali chifukwa chakuti si ntchito nyukiliya, ndi unsembe wa maphatikizidwe nyukiliya zikuchitika pa avareji kutentha kwa madigiri 1150. Choncho, chidali chifuniro wakhala dzina ofunda kolowera maphatikizidwe nyukiliya. Mu Mipingo mochedwa pansi likulu, mumzinda wa Podolsk, analengedwa 3 unsembe. Soviet academician Filimonenko anatenga gawo mwachindunji mu izi, wotsogolera ndondomeko lonse. Mphamvu ya lililonse TEGEU anali 12,5 kW, monga mafuta chachikulu ntchito ndi madzi katundu. Monga kilogalamu imodzi angachitire ake umabala mphamvu zofanana ndi zimene akhoza analandira ndi moto makilogalamu miliyoni a mafuta! Ichinso amalankhula buku ndi kufunika kwa zoyambitsidwa za wasayansi wamkulu, kuti ozizira nyukiliya maphatikizidwe zochita mwakuchita iwo akhoza kubweretsa mukufuna.

Choncho, panopa sakudziwika bwinobwino ngati ufulu ziliko kapena kulibe maphatikizidwe ozizira. N'zotheka kuti Ngati sikudali chitsutsocho wa namatetule ili la sayansi Filimonenko, lero dziko zikanakhala kutero, ndi moyo amayembekezeka anthu kuwonjezera mwa kangapo. Ndipotu, ngakhale Ivan Filimonenko ananena kuti nyukiliya cheza - chifukwa cha ukalamba ndi imfa oyambirira. Ndi cheza kuti tsopano pali kwenikweni kulikonse, osati kutchula m'mizinda ikuluikulu, likuphwanya DNA anthu. Mwina ndicho chifukwa otchulidwa m'Baibulo zaka chikwi, kuyambira nthawi cheza zosokoneza mwina kulibe.

Kukhazikika academician Filimonenko unsembe mu yaitali akhoza kuchotsa dziko awa kupha Mankhwala oipitsa, kuwonjezera kupeleka sizidzatha mphamvu wotchipa. Ngati kapena ayi, nthawi adzatiuza, koma ndizachisoni kuti nthawi iyi pali akhoza kuponda pa.