Njira Science Political

Mu njira ya mapangidwe mbiri ya ganizo ndale zinasintha pang'onopang'ono zofunika njira kafukufuku mu sayansi ndale. Izi kusanduka mbiri akhoza kugawidwa m'mbali zingapo.

Nthawi mpaka m'ma 19 m'nyengo tingachipeze powerenga ndi. Nthawi imeneyi, sayansi ndale akuyendera njira monga makhalidwe ndi aksiologichesky lomveka-ndi akatswiri deductive.

Nyengo ya zaka za m'ma 19 ofufuza 20 amaonetsera ngati nthawi nchito. Pa nthawi iyi, mu malo oyamba ndi zolimbana ndi m'maphunziro, mbiri yakale komanso poyerekeza sayansi ndale njira.

Kuyambira 20 mpaka 70 a m'nthawi ya 20 unatha nthawi behaviorist. Pa nthawi imeneyi advantageously kuti akuyendera kachulukidwe njira sayansi ndale.

Wachitatu lotsiriza la zaka za m'ma 20 anadza postbihevioristsky nthawi. Pa nthawi imeneyi, osakaniza njira za makolo ndi watsopano wa sayansi ndale.

Kuyambira nthawi ya Aristotle ndi Plato amadziwika poyerekeza (poyerekeza) njira kusanthula ndi kufufuza chiphunzitsochi. Bukuli lili ndi kufanana kwa awiri (kapena zambiri) zinthu za ndale. Kugwiritsa ntchito chida ichi n'zotheka kukhazikitsa zinthu wamba zinthu kapena kuona kusiyana. Ntchito kusanthula poyerekeza ndale amalola chitukuko cha dongosolo la ndale la chidziwitso, verifiable, kupenda mabungwe wawo, khalidwe ndi kayendetsedwe ka pa maziko a ubale chifukwa ndi zotsatira. Komanso, chida ichi limakupatsani kulosera za zotsatira, mumaganiza ndi zochitika.

Sociological njira ya sayansi ndale ndi zovuta njira ndi zipangizo zenizeni sociological kafukufuku. Maphunziro awa Cholinga chake ndi deta ndi processing mfundo cha zandale, lomwe limapezeka pa mphindi. Mwa kafukufuku sociological ayenera wachinsinsi monga mafunso Kafukufuku, kufufuza zowerengera, zatsopano, masamu mawerengeredwe. Pamaziko a anasonkhana zinthu zenizeni wolemera amakhala zotheka kuphunzira njira ndi zochitika.

Anthropological njira, yogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe anthu, ndi zachilendo mu kusanthula mabungwe a mphamvu, asilikali a amazilamulira chikhalidwe chimene chinalipo makamaka ndi anthu chisanadze mafakitale. Njira imeneyi ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamene akuona mavuto a kusinthika ndi anatengera zipangizo miyambo kulamulira mu kusintha kwa chakale kachitidwe kamakono.

Kuphunzira njira zotengera malingaliridwe a khalidwe, makhalidwe, makhalidwe, njira ankaikira zomveka zolinga ndale zachokera njira maganizo a sayansi ndale. Bukuli lili ndi malingaliro chapadera cha Seneca, Aristotle, Rousseau, Machiavelli, ndi anzeru ena. Mwa akasupe a njira zamakono maganizo ndi malingaliro ofunika a psychoanalysis.

Munjira ina, ulimi mu sayansi ya ndale anapanga behaviorist njira, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa monga njira ina m'malo malamulo. Behavioristic njira yoganizira ndi kuwunika zochokera zina "individualization". The otsatira njira imatengedwa ngati woima mfundo chodabwitsa chikhalidwe, magulu mtundu khalidwe chikhalidwe (kapena anthu), yodziwika zolinga ndi zoikamo kukhala pa ubwenzi wolimba ndi kulamulira ndi mphamvu.

Ntchito kuwunika Katswiri monga njira kusanthula lipindulitsa pochita zinthu ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana sanali formalizable. Zikuphatikizapo kupanga chisankho ntchitoyi, ndi Mapa chitukuko ndale, ziyenera a zinthu.

Kukhala cybernetic ndondomeko chitsanzo amagwiritsa ntchito njira kulankhula. Pankhaniyi, mogwirizana andale ikufotokoza mitsinje mmene nkhani. Pankhaniyi, chinthu chachikulu ndicho yankho ndi anachita izo.

The njira kayeseleledwe zikuphatikizapo kuphunzira zochitika za ndale ndi njira mothandizidwa ndi kafukufuku zitsanzo. Tikumbukenso kuti lero ndi njira kwambiri zingamuthandize.