Methanol - ndichiyani? Methanol poyizoni: Zizindikiro ndi Chithandizo

Mwina kangapo, aliyense wa ife tamva za misa poyizoni ndi kupanga onyenga mowa (kuphatikizapo imfa), imene methanol anapezeka. Kodi ndi chifukwa chake chimawononga zotsatira zake pa thupi? Chifukwa izo anawonjezera kuti mowa? Kodi zikhoza kukhala zotsatira za kuvomera mankhwala ameneŵa? Kuti tiyankhe mafunso amenewa, tiyenera kubwerera ku mbiri ya ulimi mowa kwambiri, kugawa ake m'minda ya zochita za anthu ndi mayesero matenda.

methanol

Methanol - ndi colorless chakupha madzi ndi losavuta monohydric mowa, ndi membala woyamba wa magazi mndandanda wa alcohols monohydric. Komanso mabwalo sayansi umatchedwa ngati mtengo kapena mowa methyl, carbinol ndi hydroxide methyl. The madzi akamagwira distillation wa lignin kapena matabwa - zatsalira gulu mfundo zake chomera selo mpanda. Mu m'galasi kaphatikizidwe methanol ndi tsankho makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa methane ndi dziko ndi kugawanika kudzera methylenechloride. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mowa monovalent anapeza mu 1661 ndi Boyle mu distillation nkhuni youma. Patapita zaka mazana aŵiri asayansi JB Dumas ndi E. M. Peligo anakwanitsa kufika methanol mu mawonekedwe woyera. Synthesizing mowa pa mlingo mafakitale inayamba mu 1923 Germany. Tsiku ndi tsiku, methanol ntchito ngati zosungunulira, maziko zoletsa kuwuma, mafuta octeni mafuta zina.

Mmene thupi

Methyl mowa ndi imodzi mwa ziphe owopsa dziko. Contact ndi okwana 10 ml ya mankhwala mu thupi kungachititse kuti inasinthiratu mu pathological kuti: khungu, kusokoneza ntchito kwa ziwalo (impso, chiwindi), m'madera chotupa ubongo. Imfa kumachitika ngati mu kuchuluka kwa magalamu 1-2 pa 1 kilogalamu ya kulemera ndi ingested methanol. Kodi ndi chifukwa chake pang'ono mankhwala amatha kupha munthu? Chinthu ndi pamene ingested mowa monohydric ali oxidized kuti formaldehyde - ndi amphamvu poizoni imagwira chitetezo cha mantha ndi amachitira ndi mapuloteni. Komanso, zotsatira poizoni si yomweyo pambuyo amasulidwe thunthu mu magazi, ndipo pambuyo maola angapo. Choncho, mpaka kuoneka zizindikiro woyamba wa anthu chiphe kawirikawiri ndi nthawi kumwa mlingo woopsa.

methanol ngozi

Main chiopsezo mankhwala ndi methanol ndi Mowa (lalikulu zikuluzikulu za mowa) sangathe kuwasiyanitsa: ali kukoma chomwecho ndi kununkhiza, ndi onse madzi colorless. ). Komabe, mtengo wotsika kwambiri wa methanol (kuchokera RUR 15.500 pa tani). Pazifukwa izi amachita kuchepetsedwa ndi mowa. Ngozi ina zinthu chiphe angayambe chifukwa cha ntchito mankhwala okhala methanol. Kodi ndi mmene sizichitika? Vaporization coolants, zakumwa osamba mazenera, paintwork zinthu zili mowa maatomu omwe kulowa m'thupi, kudziunjikira ndipo zimabweretsa kusintha pathological. Choncho poizoni mungathe osati chidakwa, mmene anthu ambiri amakhulupirira mu dziko lathu, komanso ndi katundu zosalongosoka.

methanol poyizoni

Zizindikiro zoyambirira za poyizoni zimachitika pambuyo maola 8-72 pambuyo ingestion wa methanol. The woyamba kuvutika dongosolo chapakati mantha: kwambiri kudziwa kuwala (photophobia), dilation kuwatenga ophunzira, mutu, chizungulire komanso kuwonongeka kwa umoyo, yafupika tilinazo, clouding cha chikumbumtima.

Chiphe methanol oopsa kwambiri, makamaka chifukwa kuchulukana, kapena kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa magazi mu zimakhala ndi ziwalo, kuti kumachitika chifukwa lakuthwa erythrocytes achuluke mlingo hemoglobin. Chifukwa, zitunda thupi, amapeza ndi kulocha bluish. Kukula kwa ndondomeko pathological akulowa mtima mu mkhalidwe comatose chifukwa edema ubongo. Hyperemia kumabweretsa kusokoneza dongosolo kupuma - kupuma amakhala kwambiri ndi operewera, wozunzidwayo pali kumverera chosowa mpweya. Pa nthawi yomweyo amachepetsa zimachitika mtima sangathe kulimbana ndi "distillation" a wambirimbiri m'thupi lonse ndi chifukwa amalephera. Munthu amafa.

thandizo kwa poyizoni

Pa kudziwika zizindikiro woyamba poyizoni ayenera yomweyo itanani ambulansi. Ngati zimenezi sizingatheke, m'pofunika kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa madzimadzi kudyedwa. Ndi zofunika kumwa zakumwa ndi okhutira soda: madzi mchere, citric asidi njira, ndipo ntchito tomato, nthochi, zoumba mphesa, katsitsumzukwa, uchi, ndi mapulogalamu ena.

Zoikamo matenda methanol poyizoni ankachitira mwa kuyambitsa mu chamoyo Mowa. Ngati simuli wotsimikiza kuti waukulu chakupha mankhwala ndi methanol, ntchito mowa wamphamvu ngati adakalibe kwambiri ndi kukana. Kupulumutsa moyo ndi zambiri chapamimba lavage ananyenga kusanza.

ziwerengero zosowetsa

Mbiri posachedwapa anthu lajambulidwa milandu isanu poyizoni misa ndi methanol. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha anthu anavulala July 1981 mu India - adamwalira ndi chiphe anthu 308. Mu 2000, boma la El Salvador amaganiziridwa Zigawenga, chifukwa cha kumwa methanol poizoni anapha anthu 122. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti palibe zomera mowa kupanga mankhwala sizinapezekebe. The Russian misa poyizoni anali mayina December 2016 chifukwa cha ntchito "Hawthorn" - madzi osamba, imene dongosolo patapita anapeza methanol. Ndichiyani ndi momwe mungapewere mphamvu - sakudziwika. Koma chifukwa cha poyizoni anakhudza anthu 123, amene 76 anamwalira. December 20 anatchedwa tsiku la maliro m'dera Irkutsk.

Ntchito methanol

Kuchuluka wamkulu wa methanol ndi kujambula mankhwala. Izo ntchito monga zosungunulira chifukwa osakhalitsa ake okwezeka ndi mphamvu kupasuka zinthu organic ndi polymeric. M'mayiko European, osakaniza methyl ndi ethyl mowa ntchito popanga mafutawa. Koma mu Russia mankhwala amenewa yoletsedwa, basi ogula mankhwala ndi methanol. Chifukwa cha octeni mkulu ena "mbuye" methanol ntchito kunyumba kwa mkulu mafuta octeni. mowa umagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse mafakitale chopezera biofuels.

Mu chikhalidwe, mowa methyl ali osowa kwambiri ndi zedi yaing'ono. Izi zili choncho makamaka mafuta yofunika kwambiri ya Jasmine ndi wintergreen. The zikuchokera mafuta zikuphatikizapo salicylic ndi anthranilic. Methanol mu zikuchokera awo si owopsa kwa anthu. Komabe, zikhoza sayanjana. Choncho overreliance mafuta akhoza kukhala chimawononga thanzi.