Kodi zofunika anali atayamba maso pa? Mbiri ya atayamba maso pa

Maso wotchedwa chipangizo wapadera cholinga kuonjezera microimages ndi kuyeza kukula kwa zinthu kapena formations structural monga taonera kudzera disolo. Zimenezi n'zodabwitsa, ndi kuyambitsa kwa maso ndi zofunika kwambiri kwambiri, chifukwa popanda pakanakhala palibe madera ena a sayansi amakono. Ndipo apa mwatsatanetsatane.

Maso - zokhudzana zakutali chipangizo kuti ntchito zolinga zosiyana. Ndi n'zotheka kuganizira kapangidwe ka zinthu zimene osaoneka kwa diso. Iwo amalola kuti chimatanthauza morphological magawo microformations, komanso kuti aone buku malo awo. Chifukwa N'zovuta kufunika anali atayamba maso, ndi momwe zakhudzira maonekedwe a chitukuko cha sayansi.

Mbiri ya maso ndi Optics

Today zovuta kunena amene anatulukira maso choyamba. Mwina nkhani imeneyi adzamva ambiri kukambirana komanso chilengedwe cha crossbow a. Komabe, mosiyana ndi zida, Kutulukira maso kwenikweni chinachitika mu Europe. Ndipo amene ndendende akadali osadziwika. N'kutheka kuti chipangizo wakhala mpainiya Hans Jansen, ndi Dutch mbuye kwa kupanga magalasi, si mkulu. mwana wake, Zahariem Yansenom mawu anachitidwa mu 1590, kuti iye ndi atate wake anamanga maso.

Koma kale mu 1609 panalinso limagwirira wina amene analenga Galileo Galilei. Iye ananena kuti occhiolino ndi kuperekedwa anthu Accademia DEI Lincei. Umboni kuti pa nthawi angagwiritsidwe ntchito maso ndi chizindikiro pa chizindikiro cha Papa Urban III. Akukhulupirira kuti ndi kusinthidwa kwa fano akamagwira Kupenda tosaoneka. Kuwala maso (gulu) Galileo Galilei inkakhala otukukira kunja imodzi ndiponso concave mandala.

Kupititsa patsogolo ndi kukhazikitsa mu mchitidwe

zaka kale pambuyo 10 Galileo Cornelis Drebbel Kutulukira amalenga maso gulu ndi magalasi awiri otukukira kunja. Kenako, kapena kuti mapeto a 1600s ndi Mkhristu Huygens anayamba ziwiri mandala eyepiece dongosolo. Iwo amatuluka ndi tsopano, ngakhale alibe m'lifupi mwa kubwerezako. Koma, Chofunika kwambiri, ndi thandizo la maso mu 1665 ndi Robert Hooke kuphunzira kagawo wa Nkhata Bay thundu unachitikira, kumene sayansi anaona otchedwa selo. The chifukwa cha kuyesera anali oyamba a "selo" lingaliro.

Wina maso bambo - Antoni Van Levenguk - basi kachiwiri anatulukira izo, koma anakwanitsa kukopa chidwi cha akatswiri kwa chipangizo. Ndiyeno zinadziwika tanthauzo la kuyambitsa wa maso sayansi, chifukwa n'zotheka kukhala tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso. Mwina, anati chipangizo kwambiri inapita patsogolo chitukuko ndi sayansi, bola ngati anthu sanaone tizilombo ting'onoting'ono, iye ankakhulupirira kuti matenda chichokera zosayenera lapansi. Ndipo mu sayansi analamulira mfundo alchemy ndi chiphunzitso vitalistic kuli amoyo ndi m'badwo mowiriza wa moyo.

Leeuwenhoek maso

Kutulukira maso ndi chochitika chapadera Middle Ages sayansi, chifukwa kuyamika chipangizo kupeza zambiri zinthu zatsopano zokambirana sayansi. Komanso, mfundo zambiri anakomoka chifukwa cha maso a. Ndipo mu kupambana chachikulu chimenechi Antoni galimoto Leeuwenhoek. Iye anatha kusintha maso kuti limakupatsani kuona maselo mwatsatanetsatane. Ndipo ngati kuganizira, mu nkhani iyi, kuti kwenikweni ndi bambo a Leeuwenhoek maso a mtundu uwu.

kapangidwe chipangizo

The maso kuwala kwambiri Leeuwenhoek anali mbale ndi mandala kuti akhoza kumkuza zinthu ankaona mobwerezabwereza. Izi mbale ndi mandala anali ndi miyendo itatu. Kudzera mwa iye, inali wokwera pa tebulo yopingasa. Wongolerani mandala kuyatsa ndi ili pakati ndi kandulo lawi zinthu mayeso, kotheka kuona maselo bakiteriya. Mmene zakuthupi zomwe Antoni Van Levenguk ankafufuza anali zolengeza. Mmenemo wasayansi anaona zolengedwa zambiri zimene zimafuna mpaka iye sakanakhoza.

Wapadera wa kunyanyala maso Leeuwenhoek. Mukhozanso pamene mbali chitsanzo sapereka zithunzi mkulu khalidwe. Komanso, pamaso pa magalasi awiri kuchuluka kokha zopindika. Chifukwa panatenga zaka zoposa 150, kufikira microscopes pawiri, poyamba anayamba ndi Galileo ndi Drebbel, anayamba kupereka yemweyo khalidwe fano monga chipangizo Leeuwenhoek. Yekha Antoni Van Levenguk akadali suona bambo wa maso, koma kumanja ndi otchuka mwini wamamamayikirosikopu zipangizo mbadwa ndi maselo.

Kutulukira ndi kusintha disolo

Lingaliro kwambiri disolo kale mu Roma ndi Greece. Mwachitsanzo, mu Greece mwa magalasi otukukira kunja anakwanitsa moto. Ndipo ku Roma, ife kalekale katundu wa ziwiya galasi wodzazidwa ndi madzi. Iwo amalola kuti kuonjezera fano, nthawi ngakhale ambiri. pofuna kukwaniritsa mandala samadziwika, ngakhale n'zoonekeratu kuti patsogolo pa nthaka sindikanakhoza kupirira.

Amadziwika kuti m'zaka za m'ma 16, Venice wakhala mchitidwe ntchito magalasi. Umboni wa zimenezi ndi mfundo zokhudza pamaso pa makina akupera galasi, amene amaloledwa kupeza magalasi. Komanso, panali zithunzi zipangizo kuwala apanga kalirole ndi magalasi. The analembedwa ntchito izi limabweretsa Leonardo da Vinci. Koma kale kuti anthu ntchito ndi galasi lokulitsira: mu 1268 Rodzher Bekon kuika patsogolo ndi lingaliro kulenga zakutali. Kenako akuyendera.

N'zoonekeratu kuti wolemba disolo sikuli kwa aliyense. Koma anati mpaka nthawi monga Optics ali sanachite Karl Fridrih Tseys. Mu 1847 anayamba kupanga microscopes. Ndiye, kampani wake wakhala mtsogoleri chitukuko cha magalasi kuwala. Lilili lero, akhala makampani chachikulu. Kugwirizana nazo makampani onse amene amapanga makamera ndi camcorders, mfuti scopes, finders osiyanasiyana, telesikopu ndi zipangizo zina.

Kuwonjezera wamamamayikirosikopu

Mbiri ya atayamba maso ndi chidwi ndi phunziro ake mwatsatanetsatane. Koma palibe kupatula chidwi ndi mbiri ya zina Kuwonjezera wamamamayikirosikopu. Ife anayamba kuoneka latsopano mitundu ya microscopes ndi ganizo sayansi, amene amapanga iwo, kupita mwakuya. Tsopano cholinga zochita sanali kokha kuphunzira tizilombo, komanso kulingalira zigawo ang'onoang'ono. Onymi ndi mamolekyulu ndi maatomu. Kale m'zaka 19 adakhoza kufufuza njira kusanthula X-ray. Koma sayansi anafuna zambiri.

Choncho, kale mu 1863, wofufuza Henry Clifton Sorby polarizing maso wakhala zithandize kuphunzira meteorites. Ndipo mu 1863, Ernst Abbe anayamba chiphunzitso cha maso a. Zakhala bwino analanda yopanga Karla Tseysa. kampani yake mu izi zachitika mtsogoleri anazindikira makampani mu zipangizo kuwala.

Koma posakhalitsa anafika mu 1931 - chilengedwe cha elekitironi maso. Iye anakhala mtundu watsopano wa chipangizo, wakupatsani kuwona kwambiri kuposa kuwala. Zilibe ntchito photons kuti X-ray ndi kuwala magetsi, ndi ma elekitironi - kumene particles ang'onoang'ono kuposa ayoni zophweka kwambiri. Zinali Kutulukira maso a pakompyuta walola kukhala histology. Tsopano asayansi apeza chikhulupiriro chonse kuti malingaliro awo ponena za maselo ndi organelles ake kwenikweni zolondola. Komatu mu 1986, mlengi wa elekitironi maso Ernst Ruska anali kupereka ya Nobel Prize. Komanso, kale mu 1938, Dzheyms Hiller amanga HIV elekitironi maso.

ingapezeke microscopes

Science, pambuyo bwino asayansi ambiri kusiyana mofulumira. Ndipo chifukwa cholinga malinga ndi Kuganizira watsopano, kuti akhale ndi maso tcheru kwambiri. Ndipo kale mu 1936, Erwin Müller chopangidwa chipangizo munda umuna. Ndipo mu 1951, zinabala chipangizo china - munda ion maso. n'chofunika kwambiri, chifukwa koyamba analola asayansi ake kuwona maatomu. Ndipo kuwonjezera kuti mu 1955, Jerzy Nomarski akufotokozera maziko ongolankhula wa masiyanidwe kusokonezedwa Mosiyana wamamamayikirosikopu.

Chikusintha microscopes zatsopano

Kutulukira maso sichinafike kupambana, chifukwa mphamvu ayoni kapena photons kudutsa malo kwachilengedwenso, ndiyeno kuchitira fano chifukwa, mfundo, n'kosavuta. Pano pali nkhani ya kuwongolera wamamamayikirosikopu anali kwenikweni zofunika. Ndipo pambuyo pozindikira izi asayansi analenga a ndege misa chowunikira, wotchedwa chindodo ion maso.

chipangizo Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti aone atomu anatengedwa mosiyana ndi kudziŵa za dongosolo atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena za molekyulu ndi. Pamodzi ndi kusanthula X-ray , njira imeneyi kudzakuthandizani kwambiri igwirike mofulumira ndondomeko ya chizindikiritso cha zinthu zambiri za m'chilengedwe. Ndipo mu 1981, izo anadziwana ndi chindodo tunneling maso, ndipo mu 1986 - mphamvu atomiki. 1988 - chaka cha kutulukira ndi chindodo electrochemical maso mumphangayo. Ndipo zaposachedwapa ndi zothandiza kwambiri ndi Kelvin kafukufuku mphamvu. Iwo anayamba kupanga mu 1991.

Chiwerengero padziko lonse lapansi maso Kutulukira

Kuyambira 1665, pamene Leeuwenhoek chinkhoswe mu processing galasi ndi kupanga microscopes, makampani ali kusanduka ndi kukhala zovuta. Ndipo ndikudabwa za tanthauzo la atayamba maso pa, m'pofunika kuganizira waukulu zikayenda wamamamayikirosikopu. Motero, njira imeneyi analola kuganizira khola, limene linali pafupi kutsogolera kakulidwe zamoyo. chipangizo ndiye amaloledwa kuzindikira organelles khungu, kukhala kotheka kupanga dongosolo selo dongosolo.

Pamenepo maso anaona molekyulu ndi atomu, ndipo kenako ofufuza zamanga aone pamalo awo. Ndiponso, kupyolera simungathe kutiona, mungathe kuona elekitironi mitambo maatomu. Monga ma elekitironi kuyenda pa liwiro la kuwala mozungulira pakati, ndiye taganizirani tinthu Ichi sichitheka kwathunthu. Ngakhale izi, m'pofunika kumvetsa chifukwa cha kutulukira maso a. Ndi mwayi woti muone yatsopano sitingathe kuona diso. Ndi dziko chodabwitsa, kuphunzira umene wabweretsa munthu zomwe masiku ano sayansi, umagwirira ndi mankhwala. Ndipo m'pake ntchito yonse.