Ntchito amakakamizidwa yozungulira wamba. ntchito yokakamiza amadalira m'mphawi

anthu ang'onoang'ono m'mayiko a ku Ulaya anayamba kutuluka kuchokera pakati pa zaka za m'ma 16. Zinali ndiye kuti gulu lopatulika la anthu akhala allocated - wamba amene anali kukhala m'dera la mwini dziko kapena mbuye ang'onoang'ono, ndipo anali amadalira kwathunthu kapena pang'ono. Kunena zoona, anthu wamba onse pansi usilikali. ntchito mokakamizidwa a kalasi anali ochuluka: ndi ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku mu chuma ang'onoang'ono usilikali. Choopsa cha zovuta ntchito zimadalira zinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo zaka mlimi, luso lake ndi luso. Kawirikawiri ambuye ang'onoang'ono pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yake, akhoza adzaika katundu zina kwa anthu amene ankadana munthu. Ndi ntchito mokakamizidwa yozungulira wamba kukhala mutu wankhani m'nkhaniyi.

Yozungulira wamba, Ndani uyu?

Taganizirani mawonekedwe kudalira osauka ku mwininyumba kapena mbuye ang'onoang'ono: amphumphu ndi chosakwanira. amadalira mwini osauka kwathunthu ankatchedwa panokha yozungulira. malo awo mmadera anali mmodzi wa oipa kwambiri. Iwo anali osati lamanja la umwini pa zinthu aliyense, kuphatikizapo zovala, komanso ufulu mawu, ndipo ngakhale miyoyo yawo. mawonekedwe wamba kudalira anali ndi khalidwe la limati imene ukapolo zambiri. ntchito amakakamizidwa wamba yozungulira a kalasi sangathe anatsutsa ngakhale pa nkhani ya mtima wosayenera kwa iwo khamu. The ang'onoang'ono Ambuye, nayenso anali ndi ufulu kutsutsa wamba kuti chilango logwirika ndipo ngakhale moyo wake chifukwa cha mlandu uliwonse.

Ganyu kudalira osauka inkakhala makamaka subordination awo ndalama Yehova. Imodzi mwa ntchito kuvomerezedwa wamba yozungulira - ntchito m'minda kapena mu zokambirana za mbuye. Kutumikira chuma chake kapena malo, iwo nthawi yomweyo ali ndi ufulu payekha: kuti kusuntha momasuka, kupeza kapena kugulitsa katundu yake. Komanso, mawonetseredwe zankhanza kapena chithandizo kum'lakwira wamba ang'onoang'ono mbuye akhoza kukhala pansi Kuthi malamulo. ntchito yokakamiza amadalira osauka mwambo kudalira tsankho zinali zochepa kukonza ngongole kapena lendi ntchito ziwembu dziko limene iye mwini ang'onoang'ono. Chifukwa chakuti alimi ambiri sanathe kugula katundu m'dziko kapena zida kwayekha, ambuye zambiri ntchito, ndi "ngongole" kumbuyo kwa iye mkati zaka zochepa.

Zizindikiro za ntchito yokakamiza mu chuma ang'onoang'ono

Monga ena azachuma kapena chodabwitsa chilichonse, anakakamizika ntchito yozungulira wamba zingadziŵike mwa zingapo zochititsa khalidwe, monga izi:

1. Yozungulira mlimi ali kugwiritsa ntchito m'dziko limene ndi cholowa cha mbuye ang'onoang'ono.
2. Kuwonjezera ntchito pa magawo awo m'dziko, ndi mlimi nakulitsa malo, omwe anali m'gulu la "Manor", ndi mapulogalamu onse kuchokera zinali mwangwiro ang'onoang'ono Ambuye.
3. Zochizira wambiri dziko (wamba ndi Manor) ntchito zipangizo zaulimi, kuphatikizapo kavalo wachokera kwa mlimi.
4. Kuchitila kunyalanyaza ntchito mokakamizidwa wamba anayenera kulangidwa mu mawonekedwe a kukula kukula kwa ndalama ya ang'onoang'ono (zopereka) kapena mawu ena ovomereza bono ntchito pa ang'onoang'ono mbuye (serfdom).

Mitundu ina ya ntchito yokakamiza mu ang'onoang'ono kupanga wamba akusiyanako. Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane aliyense wa iwo.

Limatchula za dongosolo corvée

Monga tanena, pali mitundu ingapo ya ntchito, umene anthu yozungulira sanalandire malipiro ku Ulaya. Imodzi mwa ntchito kuvomerezedwa Amaya yozungulira - dalitso - anawagawira pafupifupi lonse Western ndi kum'mawa kwa Ulaya, kuphatikizapo Russia. Akamanena za mtundu uwu wa utumiki ntchito inali unremunerated anthu yozungulira m'minda ang'onoang'ono pogwiritsa ntchito kufufuza kwanu. Pa nthawi yomweyo, mlimi nakulitsa dziko lake, kukula ndi kupanga chakudya kudya zawo. The drawback chachikulu cha dongosolo corvee kunali kufunika kupitiriza kuyang'anira ndi Yehova, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amakakamizidwa ntchito ikuchitika ndi osawuka pa "mwanjira".

Kalekale Barshchina limati (alimi amadalira anakakamizika ntchito) panali pafupifupi 8-9 mpaka m'ma 18. Ambiri ntchito mawonekedwe ntchito yosalipidwa amamuonera m'gawo la Russia ndi boma analipo uko pafupi mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19 pansi pa dzina la "sharecropping".

Features za lendi malipiro chuma

Wina wa ntchito mokakamiza wamba yozungulira ku Ulaya - rents - panali nthawi yomweyo ngati dalitso la. Akamanena za zodabwitsazi imakhala chakuti pafupifupi onse mwini dziko, pangano mlimi amene amalimidwa iwo okha ntchito kufufuza kwawo komweko.

Kololani kuwapeza ziwembu, anagawa m'magulu awiri, mmodzi amene anali mu malipiro a Mbuye ang'onoang'ono ndi zina mlimi ntchito pa nzeru zawo. Mogwirizana ndi kufala ndi chitukuko lokhudza chilengedwe (chakudya) rents kuphatikiza ndi ndalama, ndi zina zigawo, ndipo iye anali ndi iwo m'malo. Chotero chogonedwa monyengeleredwa ntchito yozungulira wamba, monga zachilengedwe ndi ndalama rents, anapereka kutsogolera ngakhale wamkulu kugawira ntchito ndi, monga Motero, chitukuko ubale chofunika ndalama.

lendi ntchito

Labor lendi monga mawonekedwe a ntchito yokakamiza anali mmodzi wa zovuta. Pankhani ya munthu wamba yozungulira Iye sadamlandire ku ang'onoang'ono dziko gawo, kuswana nyama, zipangizo zaulimi ndi zipangizo zina. Ngati malipiro a ntchito katundu izi, iye ankayenera kugwira ntchito kupanga ndi mwininyumba nthawi zina. Mwa njira, dongosolo la ntchito yokakamiza anali ambiri zofala maiko, kumene pafupifupi palibe kudalira munthu osauka a. Nyumba kawirikawiri analipira mankhwala opangidwa mu chuma yozungulira wamba, katundu wa m'nyumba, wapatali, ndiponso nsalu kapena ndalama.