Ndi kuzizira kutentha mowa chiyani?

Malinga ndi tanthauzo ambiri, mfundo yozizira koopsa ndi kutentha kusintha kwa zinthu pa mkhalidwe madzi ndi olimba. Mkhalidwe umenewu zimadalira zimene mankhwala ndi utakhazikika (zikuchokera) ndi pa kuthamanga zimene, monga apamwamba a kuthamanga, ndi apamwamba yozizira koopsa kutentha. The odziwika bwino kwambiri mankhwala kuti nthawi zambiri inasamutsidwa kuchoka zamadzimadzi inayi olimba ndi wachiwiri, ndi madzi. Amadziwika kuti madzi wamba amakhala ayezi pa madigiri ziro Celsius Komabe, ultrapure H ₂ O mu chotengera woyera akhale madzi ndi chisanu chaukali, komanso nyanja chikukhudza ndi kuchuluka kwa mchere.

zakumwa zina ndi magulu a ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, mowa yozizira koopsa akulozera m'munsi kwambiri kuposa chinkafunika chomwecho kwa madzi wamba. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti nkhaniyi ali osalimba m'munsi.

Okwana pali magulu angapo a alcohols, omwe ali mwini thupi ndi mankhwala katundu wake. Lero, ndi makalasi zotsatirazi:

- malingana ndi kuchuluka kwa magulu hydroxyl (kuchokera monohydric kuti alcohols polyhydric) ;

- malinga ndi mmene zimalimbikitsa hydrocarbon substituent (unsaturated, malire, onunkhira);

- malinga ndi ozungulira hydrocarbon substituent (alicyclic, ozungulira);

- chiwerengero cha substituents pa Alpha mpweya atomu (chachikulu - ukachenjede).

Mwachitsanzo, yozizira koopsa mfundo za methanol mowa, zokhudza monohydric ndi opanda 97 madigiri seshasi ndi cyclohexanol - za opanda 42 ° ^C. Komabe, injini kwambiri kufufuza limapezeka afunsa za katundu wa madzi, gawo la mowa. The yozizira koopsa kutentha kwa ethyl mowa (Mowa) ndi opanda 114 madigiri seshasi. Mundawu ntchito kunyumba kuunikila mowa chigawo zakumwa mowa kuti "kuwonjezera mlingo", komanso kuti yopanga yozizira "nezamerzayki" magalimoto. Ena ziziyenda anawonjezera kuti ndi njira galasi-Mowa a mtundu chilimwe, kapena wothira madzi mu kufanana ena.

Dziwani kuti si onse a madzi mu kalasi ndi boma olimba okha ndi kuzirala amphamvu kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mowa yozizira koopsa mfundo phenyl carbinol (benzyl onunkhira mowa) ndi opanda 15 ° ^C.

Ngati inu munayamba kukhala ndi chidwi pa gulu la thermometers inu mukhoza kuwona kuti pali thermometers, kuthamanga pa mowa ofotokoza. Ie m'malo limagwirira a pakompyuta kapena chipangizo lili Mercury mowa. thermometers izi Kawirikawiri ntchito kumene kuli kofunika kuyeza kutentha wotsikitsitsa mu chilengedwe zoweta. Mwachitsanzo, mu Siberia kumene frosts kawirikawiri mpaka madigiri 50-60. Apa thermometers wamba sangathe kugwira bwino chifukwa cha mankhwala enaake yozizira koopsa kutentha ndi za opanda 38 ^° C Dziwani zimene muli thermometer, mukhoza chekeni mu ndime ya thermometer. Ngati ndi siliva, ndi Mercury mkati. Koma bala lofiira limasonyeza njira zosasonyeza mtundu wake weniweni mowa. thermometers otere nthawi zambiri ntchito kuyeza kutentha kunja. Ngakhale msewu adzakhala -45 ^{° C,} unit siidzatha, chifukwa mowa yozizira koopsa kutentha kwambiri m'munsi.