Nsapato kupanga: luso ndi zipangizo

nsapato kupanga sichinasinthe kwa mazana a zaka. The zopangira ndi namwali ubweya, amene wabwerera kwambiri pa kupanga, chifukwa mu nsapato bwino yozizira chifukwa yozizira koopsa ndi youma yozizira.

ndi nsapato Kodi

Nsapato - mtundu wa nsapato yozizira zopangidwa ubweya zachilengedwe anagogoda mwamphamvu. Mu frosts aakulu, iwo kusunga kutentha ndi kupulumutsa mapazi anu frostbite, ndipo thupi lonse - kuchokera hypothermia ngakhale Far North. Nkhani za nsapato ndi ubweya, amene wosayankhula (adagulung'undisa). ubweya processing luso chimafikira sitepe ya steaming munthawi yomweyo ndipo m'mbuyo nkhani zolimba wa nkhani kuumbidwa. Dzina la nsapato, ambiri m'mbuyomu, likuchokera ku dzina la ndondomeko yopanga - felting.

Nsapato anapangidwa zosiyanasiyana mitundu. Classic zitsanzo anapangidwa kwa mwamphamvu anagogoda ubweya wakuda ndi msinkhu pamwamba pafupifupi. Iwo omasuka, opepuka, cholimba. Amavalira pa nyengo yozizira pamene nyengo youma. M'dzinja kapena nsapato yozizira slushy kuvala overshoes mphira. Natural ubweya kuyenda mwachilungamo mofulumira, kotero zidendene ankamangidwa kawiri kawiri sutured khungu. Zoikamo m'tauni, nsapato sanali kufunika zokwanira, koma m'chigawo chachikulu iwo akugwirabe ntchito.

Mpaka posachedwapa, nsapato chikhalidwe safuna mbali yaikulu ya anthu, anamva nsapato zakutha cha ana aang'ono. Tsopano anayamba kubwerera ku fashoni ya zipangizo zachilengedwe ndi ntchito zamanja za makolo, amene amagwirizana ndi mbali yatsopano, kamangidwe wapeza.

History nsapato

Panali nthawi zina pamene nsapato zake ankatengedwa chizindikiro cha chitukuko ndi chuma chochuluka, ndi ogulitsa nsapato umene misonkho lolemera. Kupanga nsapato zinali chinsinsi kwa zivundi kwambiri, ndi mbuye mokulira anali zinsinsi chinsinsi ankaona pochitika iwo okha m'banja. Amaganiza kuti zinachitika nsapato anapezeka nsapato, nsapato wongosamukasamuka.

Akukhulupirira kuti nsapato anamva anaonekera kwa zaka za m'ma 18 mochedwa m'tauni ya chigawo Myshkin, Yaroslavl. Nsapato mafashoni pa bwalo anayambitsa Peter Ine, anavala iwo pambuyo kusambitsidwa kapena yozizira avale. Tsarina Ekaterina Velikaya mwa mapazi nsapato ankachitira matenda ndi Elizabeth zinasaina lamulo ovomerezeka kuvala izi nsapato akazi akumpanda wangwiro ndi kavalidwe fluffy. zaluso Mafunde mu Russia anali nthawi, ena mwa iwo Anautsa Peter, amene ali ndi yotakata ndi othandiza mu ulamuliro wake nsapato zilipo ku zigawo zonse za anthu.

Kupanga milled nsapato pamlingo mafakitale anayamba m'nthawi ya 19. Okonda nsapato anali Lenin, Stalin, Khrushchev. Pa nkhondo nsapato aziwapatsa yunifolomu yozizira asilikali ndi alonda pakampanipo. Today kuvomerezedwa zida za makolo nsapato anakhalabe zogwirizana mayunitsi wapadera Emergency Zochitika Utumiki ndi Utumiki Mkati.

Kupanga nsapato lerolino ndi Kubadwa Kwatsopano, iwo ankakonda zinthu kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi kukhumbira opanga kuti resonates ndi ogula. Chokongoletsedwa ndi nsalu yokongola kwambiri, maliboni, zachilengedwe ubweya nsapato, monga Kale, kupanga chilengedwe yabwino mbuye wawo, kukwaniritsa cholinga chachikulu - kuteteza wachikondi nyengo yozizira.

wools

Kupanga nsapato bwino mu Russia ubweya amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, komanso mpikisanowo anali mbuzi, galu, kalulu. Ubweya wa nkhosa nsombazi chifukwa cha masokosi ake okwezeka ndi makhalidwe machiritso. Ubweya kukanda, tikaumbike (horsing) kupereka cholimba nonwoven. mpheto Komanso ya kuumba pamanja.

Mtundu womaliza wa mankhwala zimadalira zipangizo yaiwisi, White ankaona wapamwamba kwambiri kupanga awo anali ubweya Mongolian bwino ubweya wa nkhosa, nsapato imvi zimapezeka ku ubweya wa nkhosa, kunja kwa Central Asia kapena Caucasus. Nthawi zina nsapato zopangidwa wangamila tsitsi, omwe si zoipa kwambiri kuposa anzake, koma nsapato kwa izo zambiri fluffy ndipo sichinthu chophweka.

mitundu ya nsapato

zitsanzo Current anapangidwa kwa kalulu, nkhosa, mbuzi tsitsi pali mankhwala opangidwa mohair ndipo anamva. Nsapato anawagawa mitundu ingapo, malinga ndi zipangizo ntchito ndi zitsanzo:

• Classic nsapato zopangidwa 100% ubweya, chopangidwa ndi whetting zakuthupi.
• Nsapato ndi zidendene akunja.
• Classic nsapato ndi welded mphira yekha.
• Nsapato ndi ubweya. Chotero zitsanzo anapangidwa ndi wochepa thupi mwake, lotsekedwa angapo zigawo za batt, lamkati gawo yomalizidwa ndi flannel akalowa. Mphira chikopa cha m'mbali. Izi ndi Baibulo ano, amene anadza kulawa okhala m'mizinda, akhoza kufooka mu nyengo iliyonse.

ndondomeko

Imodzi mwa njira zabwino nsapato kwa nyengo yozizira ndi nsapato. Kupanga (Russia) zachokera mfundo akale zomwe sizinasinthe kuchokera m'ma 19. Technology chojambula zikuwoneka ngati izi:

• Ubweya, zopezera masikono, kuphwanya mu misempha yaing'ono ndi youma, chifukwa uwu anatumiza kwa makina carding. The kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi sanasambitsidwe, chimene chiri chofunika kwa kugwilizana ndi luso.
• Zouma zopangira chitumidwa kwa processing ku makina ubweya-carding kumene zinthu analandira dongosolo limodzi. Ndiye kukonza kukula mankhwala. Pa nthawi imeneyi, nsapato kanayi kuposa ziyenera kukhalira.
• Kumachita zinthu zimatumizidwa otsetsereka a makina, kumene zagonjetsedwa kwa nthunzi chithandizo, ndi makina shrinkage, kenako yophika mu otentha madzi. Apa pali odula chisindikizo wabwerera 80% ya akusowekapo pachiyambi. Ndiye kuvala nsapato motsatizana ndi kupereka mawonekedwe komaliza, kenako anaphwa.
• nsapato zouma Komanso obbivayut birch mallets kupereka osalimba kwambiri.
• Mu kutsirizitsa shopu mu zitsanzo tingachipeze powerenga za kumtunda kwa kutsinde la Kadulidwa kubala m'mphepete yosalala. Koma modernity anapanga Kusintha ake, ndipo tsopano nsapato nsalu ndi ulusi, mikanda, rhinestones. zidutswa kokha anali kugwiritsa ntchito maluso luso la kujambula ndi mwake, kuwonjezera ubweya ndi mamangidwe winayo angasangalale.

zida

Lero, ambiri mabizinesi yaing'ono linatsegulidwa, limene anapangidwa nsapato. Kupanga (Russia) pamaso ogaŵikana mafakitale ndi artisanal. Facilities kwa masitolo ang'onoang'ono ndi lalikulu ayenera kukhala chomwecho, kusiyana kokha ndi sikelo ndi ntchito. zida zimene zimafunika kuti yopanga nsapato?

• Industrial kapena zoweta carding makina.
• Vibropress ndi kotunga madzi.
• Industrial makina ochapira.
• Kuyanika m'chipinda.
• Katundu, ngati uthunthu adzakhala ankaimira osati tingachipeze powerenga (dinani theka-zodziwikiratu kwa vulcanizing mphira yekha, makina nsalu ndi zina zotero.).
• Chalk: nsapato, beater, etc.

Industrial ndi Chotsimikizika kupanga

Industrial yopanga nsapato za limakupatsani kubala kwa awiriawiri 60 nsapato tsiku, zinawonongeka Baibulo - mpaka awiriawiri 2-3. mbewu iliyonse kwa kupanga nsapato umabala osati nsapato, koma zofananira: mabulangete, mapilo, slippers, makalipeti ndi zina zambiri.

Today kutchuka kwa m'nyumba mankhwala, kuphatikizapo nsapato. amisiri odziwa anapanga zokongoletsa ndi masiku chitsanzo osiyanasiyana. Koma palibe kuchuluka kwa khama sangathe m'manja tsitsi losapesa kuti boma anakhumba, anafotokoza kudzacheza. Factory kwa kupanga nsapato nthawizonse kugulitsa wanu satifiketi motsata ndi nsonga zothandiza kugula nsapato Care.

Mafakitale kwa yopanga nsapato milled

Mu kumatope akale chinkhoswe parishi lonse, ntchito kunali kovuta, koma umabweretsa zokwanira ndalama munda. Tsopano mu Russia, nsapato amenewa chopangidwa ndi njira mafakitale. Mafakitale kwa yopanga nsapato zili m'madera angapo, zomwe pali khumi, atsogoleri asanu ndi motere:

• Yaikulu player mu msika ndi Yaroslavl fakitale milled nsapato, kubala kwa chaka awiriawiri 600 zikwi za nsapato.
• Sasiya udindo wake ndi imodzi mwa mbewu wamkulu - Kukmorsky felting fakitale yopanga pachaka nsapato apa ndiye kuti awiriawiri 900 zikwi.
• The kampani "Elvi-Plus", voliyumu ya ulimi - awiriawiri 300 zikwi za nsapato chaka.
• Omsk zomera nsapato milled umabala awiriawiri 170.000 chaka.

The makampani ena kutulutsa buku laling'ono kwambiri la nsapato, kuchokera awiriawiri 45 150 zikwi pa chaka. Russian zopangidwa nsapato anapanga bwino njira kuti nsapato achilendo otchedwa uggami. Aliyense wogula ali ndi zowakomera, zokonda ndi sikelo ya makhalidwe amene anasankha wina kapena mankhwala wina. Koma monga momwe nsapato, poyerekeza ndi analogues zakunja zambiri izi wokalamba Russian Kutulukira atsimikiza ntchito bwino ufulu wathu.

Kupanga nsapato ku Moscow bungwe pa "Bitsa fakitale" umene umabala nsapato kwa zaka zoposa 150. MASITOLO OGULITSA CIMODZI CIMODZI unyolo anayala kudutsa dziko, ndipo Muscovites mugule awiri mumaikonda popanda kupita kunja likulu ku adiressi: msewu wa Kumathandiza, Kumanga 6, Kumanga 4 (a "University" siteshoni okwerera sitima).

Kodi kusankha nsapato

A peyala bwino nsapato lidzakhalapo kwa zaka ndipo konzekera mwini mu frosts aakulu. Kusankha nsapato ku ubweya felted ikuchitika mogwirizana ndi mfundo zotsatirazi:

• jombo izi 100% ubweya. chuma ayenera wandiweyani ndi homogeneous mu zikuchokera. Ngati pali anabala yamawangamawanga, thickening, zotupa ndiye nsapato mwamsanga wosweka.
• Nsapato si ogaŵikana anachoka ndi ufulu, iwo apange chimodzimodzi. Mawonekedwe nsapato amapeza nthawi avale. Pogula awiri, yesetsani kuti nsapato mawonekedwe omwewo, kutalika kwa sock, amkati ndi kutalika akunja phazi, kukula kwa m'dzenjewo.
• Kununkhiza. Fungo kokha kuti akhale nsapato - fungo pripalennoy ubweya, mwamsanga kuchepetsa. Ngati alipo fungo chonyowa ubweya, zikutanthauza kuphwanya kwa ndondomekoyi, panthawi ina mankhwala zoipa kuchapa kapena analola kuti ziume, n'zosatheka kuchotsa izo.
• Panopa yekha ndi chidendene nsapato anapangidwa ndi lofufuma kwambiri mbali imodzi noticeable, chifukwa mu malo awa mofulumira napukuta nsapato ndipo wotaya mawonekedwe ake. Kudziwa - zokwanira kufufuzanso.
• Elasticity. Nsapato ubweya sayenera kukhala ofewa kwambiri (nedovalyanoe ukonde) kapena wandiweyani. Kuti timvetse khalidwe limeneli, ndi okwanira kukhotetsa kumwendo pang'ono, pansi pa manja a ubweya apamwamba ndi pang'ono springy ndi kusala unbend.
• Kukula. Nsapato akhoza kupondaponda m'lifupi ndi m'litali, iwo kuotcha, kotero muyenera kugula awiri a 1-2 zamitundu zikuluzikulu. Kudziwa tebulo alipo zofanana kukula kwa miyendo ndi nsapato.
• Kwambiri zachilengedwe - nsapato za ubweya undyed, utoto zachilengedwe kuchepetsa makhalidwe kuchiritsa wa nkhosa.