Ayezi - ndichiyani? Internal injini kuyaka: makhalidwe, yadera

Si kukokomeza kunena kuti ambiri zipangizo kudziletsa injini lero zili ndi injini mkati kuyaka kwa yosiyanasiyana kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zosiyanasiyana ntchito. Lang'anani, ngati tikukamba za mayendedwe msewu. M'nkhani ino tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane za mkati injini kuyaka. Ndichiyani ngati ntchito wagawo zimenezi, kodi ubwino wake ndi kuipa kwake, mudzaphunzila ndi kuwerenga izo.

Mfundo ntchito injini kuyaka mkati

Mfundo yaikulu ya injini mkati kuyaka zochokera chakuti mafuta (olimba, madzi kapena mpweya) ndi combusted mu wodzipereka ntchito buku mwa makina, ndi akatembenuka mphamvu matenthedwe mphamvu mawotchi. The osakaniza ntchito loyenda mu zonenepa a injini zimenezi pansi pa psinjika. Pambuyo poyatsira ake kudzera mwa zipangizo wapadera ukapezeka mpweya overpressure kukakamiza pisitoni kubwerera ku malo ake apachiyambi. Izi amalenga zonse ntchito mkombero, akatembenuka mwa njira yapadera ya mphamvu kayendedwe mu makokedwe.

Pakali pano, Ice chipangizo akhoza kukhala zitatu zikuluzikulu:

• ziwiri sitiroko injini, ofotokozera kuunika;
• anayi mphamvu wagawo, kulola kukwaniritsa milingo apamwamba a ntchito ndi dzuwa makhalidwe;
• Gasi chopangira mphamvu unsembe, popeza bwino makhalidwe mphamvu.

Komanso, pali zosintha zina machenjerero zazikulu zimene kusintha katundu osiyanasiyana a mtundu umenewu amagetsi.

Ubwino wa injini kuyaka mkati

Mosiyana mayunitsi mphamvu, kusamalira makamera kunja Ice ubwino kwambiri. The akuluakulu ndi:

• kwambiri yaying'ono kukula kwambiri;
• mphamvu makhalidwe apamwamba;
• mulingo woyenera efficiencies.

Tikumbukenso, kunena za injini kuyaka mkati, ndi chipangizo, amene nthawi zambiri amalola ntchito utsi osiyana. Izi zikhoza kukhala mafuta, dizilo, gasi kapena liquefied mpweya mafuta, naphtha ndipo ngakhale ochiritsira matabwa. Izi anabweretsa padziko lonse lingaliro ili la injini waweruzidwa kutchuka ubiquity moona utsogoleri lonse.

A mwachidule mbiri

Amaona kuti mkati kuyaka injini amawerengedwa mbiri yake kuyambira pa chiyambi France de A Rivas mu 1807 godu pisitoni wagawo ntchito ngati mafuta a hydrogen mu gaseous boma akaphatikiza. Ngakhale kuyambira mkati kuyaka injini chipangizo lasintha kwambiri ndi zosintha, lingaliro zofunika anatulukira ichi akali ntchito lero.

Woyamba anayi sitiroko injini kuyaka mkati linatuluka mu 1876 ku Germany. Cha m'ma 80 ntchentche za XIX atumwi ku Russia anayamba kupanga carburetor kuti analola yopereka mafuta mu zonenepa engine. Ndipo pa mapeto a zaka za m'ma otsiriza, wotchuka German injiniya Rudolf Dizilo adafotokoza lingaliro la poyatsira wa osakaniza kuyaka opanikizika, amene kwambiri bwino mphamvu makhalidwe a injini mkati kuyaka ndi ntchito Mwachangu mayunitsi a mtundu uwu kuti tasiya kwambiri wolakalakika. Kuyambira pamenepo, kupanga injini kuyaka mkati anachita zambiri mu patsogolo, kukulitsa ndi oyamba zosiyanasiyana patsogolo.

Mitundu yaikulu ndi mitundu ya injini kuyaka mkati

Komabe, mbiri kuposa zaka 100 ndi a mtundu wa mayunitsi analola chitukuko cha mitundu yambiri yaikulu ya zomera mphamvu ndi mafuta kuyaka. Akusiyana osati zikuchokera osakaniza ntchito, komanso mbali structural.

injini petulo

Monga dzina zikusonyeza, kwa aggregates wa gulu ntchito monga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mafuta mafuta. Poyankha, zomera mphamvu akhoza lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika mu magulu awiri akuluakulu:

• Carburettor. Mu zipangizo zimenezi, mafuta osakaniza asanafike akulowa zonenepa ndi limayenda misa mpweya chipangizo wapadera (carburettor). Pambuyo kuti zimachitika akayaka ndi mphamvu ya magetsi. Mwa oimira wotchuka kwambiri wa mtundu uwu angatchedwe chitsanzo cha Vaz, ndi mkati kuyaka injini limene kwa nthawi yaitali anali yekha carburetor mtundu.
• Jekeseni. Iyi ndi dongosolo zovuta zambiri zimene mafuta kulowetsa zonenepa ndi imagwiridwa ndi zobwezedwa wapadera ndi injectors. Iwo angayambe onse umakaniko ndi mwa chipangizo wapadera amagetsi. The asonyeza ankaona mwachindunji mwachindunji jekeseni dongosolo "Common Sitima Yapamtunda". Anaika pa pafupifupi onse magalimoto amakono.

injini jekeseni mafuta imatengedwa kwambiri ndalama ndi kupereka Mwachangu apamwamba. Komabe, mtengo wa mayunitsi amenewa ndi apamwamba, ndi kukonza ndi ntchito - kwambiri kovuta kwambiri.

injini dizilo

Kumayambiriro kwa mayunitsi a mtundu uwu nthawi zambiri zotheka kumva nthabwala za injini mkati kuyaka, lomwe ndi chipangizo amene adya mafuta, monga kavalo, ndi ikuyenda pang'onopang'ono kwambiri. Kutulukira injini dizilo, nthabwala izi pang'ono anataya kufunika kwake. Makamaka chifukwa dizilo akhoza kuthamanga pa mafuta kwambiri m'munsi khalidwe. Choncho, pa mtengo kwambiri kuposa mafuta.

Waukulu kusiyana zoyambirira za dizilo mkati injini kuyaka ndi pakalibe amakakamizidwa poyatsira wa osakaniza mafuta. Dizilo mafuta ndi jekeseni zonenepa wa nozzles wapadera ndi madontho munthu wa mafuta ndi akayaka chifukwa mphamvu mavuto pisitoni lapansi. Pamodzi ndi ubwino ndi injini dizilo ndi angapo a kuipa. Ena mwa iwo ndi izi:

• mphamvu zochepa kuyerekeza ndi powerplants petulo;
• chachikulu miyeso ndi makhalidwe kulemera;
• mavuto ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa nyengo ndi nyengo kwambiri zinthu;
• kusowa kwa mkulu-makokedwe ndi chizolowezi zomvetsa zosafunika mphamvu, makamaka pa liwiro ndi mkulu.

Komanso, kukonza wa mkati injini kuyaka kwa mtundu dizilo, amakonda kwambiri zovuta ndi mtengo kuposa kusintha kapena kuchira wa petulo ntchito wagawo ndi.

injini gasi

Ngakhale mtengo wotsika wa gasi ntchito ngati mafuta, wa mkati kuyaka injini zida, gasi ankakolezera yakusatetezeka zovuta imbaenda kuwonjezeka yokulirapo mu mtengo wagawo wonse, unsembe wake ndi ntchito makamaka. Zomera mphamvu ya mtundu uwu, kapena liquefied gasi akulowa yamphamvu mwa dongosolo lapadera la magiya, okhometsa ndi nozzles. Poyatsira wa osakaniza mafuta chikuchitika mu mofanana mu mafuta carburetor makhazikitsidwe - ndi mphamvu ya magetsi wochokera mphamvu pulagi.

mitundu mitundu injini kuyaka mkati

anthu ochepa chabe amene akudziwa za mitundu machitidwe Ice. Kodi izo ndi pamene ntchito? Ndi, kumene, osati za magalimoto chi hybrid kuti akhoza kuthamanga pa onse mafuta ndi ku galimoto magetsi. injini kuyaka ophatikizana amatchedwa aggregates, amene kuphatikiza zinthu zosiyanasiyana machitidwe mfundo mafuta. Nthumwi wotchuka kwambiri wa banja injini ali gazodizelnogo unsembe. Iwo mafuta osakaniza amaperekedwa kwa mkati kuyaka injini wagawo zayamba momwemo monga mayunitsi mpweya. Koma palibe azinyadira mafuta amapangidwa ntchito kumaliseche magetsi kwa mphanvu ndi mphamvu gawo la dizilo, monga ochiritsira injini dizilo.

Kukonza ndi kukonza injini kuyaka mkati

Ngakhale zosiyanasiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana zosintha, injini zonse za mkati kuyaka ndi ofanana dongosolo zikuluzikulu ndi dera. Komabe, kuti qualitatively kugwira ntchito yokonza ndi kukonza injini kuyaka mkati, m'pofunika kudziwa chipangizo bwinobwino, kumvetsa mfundo ya ntchito ndi kutha kuzindikira vuto. Kuchita izi, ndithudi, m'pofunika mosamala kamangidwe ka injini mkati kuyaka a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kulongosola ntchito wokha zosiyanasiyana zigawo zikuluzikulu, yadera zipangizo ndi kachitidwe. Mfundo si kophweka, koma yosangalatsa kwambiri! Ndipo Chofunika, bwino.

Makamaka kufunsira maganizo ofuna paokha kuzindikira zinsinsi zonse, ndi zinsinsi pafupifupi galimoto iliyonse, chabwino chojambula chithunzi cha injini kuyaka mkati zikusonyezedwa chithunzi pamwambapa.

Kotero, ife tinapeza kuti ndi mphamvu unit.