Mphamvu mpweya turbines. turbines mkombero gasi

chopangira mphamvu mpweya chomera (GTP) ndiwo umodzi, poyamba chimaoneka mphamvu zovuta, mmene wophatikizidwa ntchito mphamvu chopangira mphamvu ndi jenereta. Kachitidwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito otchedwa otsika mphamvu. Great kwa mphamvu ndi kutentha kotunga mabizinezi lalikulu, m'madera akumidzi ogula ena. Childs, gasi chopangira mphamvu ntchito mafuta madzi kapena mpweya.

Kuchilango cha Kudera

Kukhoza mphamvu ikuyambitsa mphamvu kutsogolera ntchito amapita ku mpweya chopangira mphamvu zomera ndi kusanduka anayamba - amaphatikizidwa mkombero mpweya chopangira mphamvu (CCGT). Choncho, zomera mphamvu US kuyambira 1990s oyambirira, oposa 60% ya athandizira ndi modernized maofesi kale kupanga turbines mpweya ndi CCGT, komanso m'mayiko ena cholowa chawo anafika 90% mu zaka zingapo.

A ambiri anamanganso mpweya chopangira mphamvu yosavuta. Gasi chopangira mphamvu mbewu - m'manja, ndalama ntchito ndi zosavuta kukonza - anali yabwino yothetsera kubisa katundu pachimake. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma (1999-2000) mphamvu okwana turbines mpweya wafika 120,000 MW. Yerekezerani, mu zaka 80 za munkalowa a mtundu umenewu dongosolo anali 8000-10 000 MW. A mbali yofunika kwambiri chopangira mphamvu mpweya (60%) anafuna kuti ntchito yaikulu bayinare zomera kuphatikiza-mkombero ndi mphamvu pafupifupi pafupifupi 350 MW.

nkhani za m'mbiri

Maziko ongolankhula ntchito njira zamakono ophatikizana-mkombero afufuza mwatsatanetsatane mu dziko lathu kumayambiriro 60s. Kale pa nthawi imeneyo zinaonekeratu kuti njira ambiri a chitukuko cha dongosolo mphamvu chikugwirizana ndi luso ophatikizana mkombero. Komabe, awo kukhazikitsa bwino atha turbines odalirika komanso mkulu-ntchito mpweya.

Kuti ndi patsogolo yokulirapo kuzindikiridwa ano mpweya chopangira mphamvu mphamvu dongosolo Mkhalidwe adzatumpha. angapo makampani akunja akwanitsa kuthetsedwa vuto kulenga imayenera n'kupuma turbines mpweya pa nthawi imene mutu zoweta mabungwe kutsogolera zikhalidwe za chuma lamulo chinkhoswe mu kufalitsa osachepera patsogolo chopangira mphamvu nthunzi luso (PTU).

Ngati 60s dzuwa la zomera mpweya chopangira mphamvu anaima pa 24-32%, mu bwino turbines malemu 80 mphamvu n'kupuma mpweya kale Mwachangu (ntchito standalone) 36-37%. Izi zinathandiza kuti iwo kulenga maziko a PGU amene dzuwa linali 50%. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za watsopano, zimakwana anali 40%, ndipo molumikizana ndi kuzungulira kuphatikiza - ndi pa 60%.

Kuyerekezera nthunzi chopangira mphamvu ndi ophatikizana-mkombero zomera

Ophatikizana mkombero zomera zochokera turbines mpweya, ndi yapafupi chiyembekezo chenicheni chinali kupeza 65% dzuwa kapena zambiri. Pa nthawi yomweyo kuti mayunitsi chopangira mphamvu nthunzi (mwatsatanetsatane USSR), zokha pa nkhani ya njira bwino nambala ya mavuto zovuta sayansi zokhudza mbadwo ndi ntchito magawo supercritical nthunzi, mungathe kudalira dzuwa la osapitirira 46-49%. Choncho, dzuwa la nthunzi chopangira mphamvu ophatikizana dongosolo mkombero kwadzaoneni kutaya.

N'zochititsa chidwi wolephera nthunzi chopangira mphamvu magetsi ngati mtengo ndi nthawi yomanga. Mu 2005, padziko lonse mphamvu msika, mtengo wa 1 kW 200 MW CCGT bwereza anali $ 500-600 / kW. Pakuti PSU mphamvu mtengo ang'onoang'ono anali mu uthunthu wa 600-900 $ / kW. Wamphamvu mpweya turbines zizigwirizana $ 200-250 / kW. Ndi kuchepa mphamvu unit wa ukuwonjezeka mtengo, koma kawirikawiri upambana $ 500 / kW. mfundo izi ndi nusu la mtengo wa kilowatt kachitidwe mphamvu ya madzi chopangira mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, mtengo pa kilowatt anaika mu condensing zomera mphamvu chopangira mphamvu nthunzi ranges kuchokera $ 2000-3000 / kW.

Chiwembu mpweya chopangira mphamvu chomera

Chomera limapangidwa mayunitsi zitatu: mpweya chopangira mphamvu combustor ndi kompresa mpweya. Ndipo mayunitsi onse anayikidwa mu phukusi zoduliratu umodzi. The rotors wa kompresa ndi chopangira mphamvu ndi olumikizidwa kwa mzake sankalimbana nafe, kupumula pa mayendedwe.

Kodi mozungulira chipinda kuyaka wa kompresa (mwachitsanzo, 14 ma PC.), Aliyense mu nyumba yake osiyana. Yopemphera kwa polowera kompresa mpweya kuchokera mpweya chopangira mphamvu pothawira mpweya kudzera utsi chitoliro. Zochokera wamphamvu mpweya chopangira mphamvu casing zogwiriziza, anaika symmetrically pa chimango limodzi.

Mfundo ntchito

Mu kwambiri makhazikitsidwe mpweya chopangira mphamvu ntchito yothandizira kuyaka mfundo kapena mkombero kofunyulura:

• Poyamba, ntchito madzimadzi (mpweya) amawapopa pansi mumlengalenga kuthamanga ziwalo kompresa.
• Kenako, mpweya wothinikizidwa zoipazi apamwamba ndipo anatumizidwa ku chipinda kuyaka.
• Iwo aziwapatsa mafuta amene anamuwotcha kufinya zonse, kuonetsetsa chakudya zonse kutentha. Chifukwa kuyaka kwa mafuta kumawonjezera kutentha kwa thupi ntchito.
• Komanso, madzimadzi ntchito (tsopano ndi mpweya umene uli chisakanizo cha mpweya ndi kuyaka katundu) ukufika pa chopangira mphamvu mpweya kumene lakamba zambiri za anzawo a mumlengalenga, amachita ntchito zothandiza (akutembenukira chopangira mphamvu ya, amapanga mphamvu ya magetsi).
• Pambuyo chopangira mphamvu mpweya amachoka mu mlengalenga yomwe ntchito mkombero ndi kutseka.
• Kusiyana pakati pa chopangira mphamvu ndi kompresa Timaona jenereta ya magetsi anakonza pa kutsinde wamba ndi chopangira mphamvu ndi kompresa.

Choyenera kuyaka likukulira

Mosiyana chiwembu yapita zaphindu, kuli nthambi ziwiri ntchito zomera kuyaka discontinuous m'malo mwa m'modzi.

• kompresa The mapampu mpweya m'chipinda kuyaka kudzera ndi valavu loyamba pamene valavu chachiwiri chatsekedwa.
• Atamupanikiza limatuluka mu chipinda kuyaka, valavu woyamba chatsekedwa. Buku la chipinda chatsekedwa.
• Pamene anatseka mwachibadwa mavavu kuwotcha mafuta mu chipinda, ndi kuyaka ake kukuchitika buku zonse. Motero, ntchito madzimadzi kuthamanga zina kuchuluka.
• Kenako, valavu chachiwiri lidzatsegulidwa ndi madzimadzi ntchito umaperekedwa kwa chopangira mphamvu ya mpweya. Kuthamanga kumtunda kwa chopangira mphamvu adzakhala pang'onopang'ono mpaka kusanduka. Pamene pafupi ndi kuthamanga mumlengalenga, valavu wachiwiri ayenera kutsekedwa, ndipo woyamba kutsegula ndi kubwereza masitepe.

turbines mkombero gasi

Kutembenuza kukwaniritsidwa yeniyeni ya mozungulira bwalolo thermodynamic, okonza kuthana ndi zambiri zopinga akuluakulu luso. Chitsanzo kwambiri lililonse: ndi nthunzi chinyezi kuposa 8-12% imfa mu chigawo otaya wa chopangira mphamvu nthunzi ukuwonjezeka zikuchepa, kuwonjezera katundu zazikulu, kukokoloka amapezeka. Izi n'kukumana ndi chiwonongeko cha otaya mbali ya chopangira mphamvu ya.

Chifukwa cha zofooka izi mu mphamvu (pa ntchito) ankagwiritsa ntchito mpaka ziwiri zoyambirira zokha thermodynamic mkombero: mkombero Rankine ndi Brayton mkombero. Ambiri zomera mphamvu zochokera kuphatikiza zinthu za m'zinthu izi.

mkombero Rankine ntchito madzi ntchito, zomwe pa mkombero kuzindikira tikudzipereka gawo kusintha pansi pa ntchito mkombero mphamvu ya madzi chomera. Pakuti matupi ntchito, amene sakhoza Zachepetsedwa zochitika zenizeni, ndi yomwe ife timaitcha mipweya ntchito Brayton mkombero. Malinga ndi dongosolo ntchito turbines mafuta ndi injini kuyaka mkati injini.

The mafuta ntchito

Ambiri turbines gasi anapangidwa ntchito pa gasi. Nthawi zina mafuta madzi ntchito mu kachitidwe otsika mphamvu (osachepera - avareji, kawirikawiri - mphamvu zazikulu). A azimuth yatsopano ya kusintha amakhala yaying'ono mpweya machitidwe chopangira mphamvu ntchito utsi olimba (malasha, yamitengo ndi peat zochepa). mumaganiza izi imakhudzana ndi chakuti ndondomeko mpweya ndi lofunika zopangira kwa makampani mankhwala, ntchito yake nthawi zambiri yosafuna kuposa mphamvu. Kupanga turbines mpweya ungatithandizire bwino ndi mafuta olimba, ndi ikupita patsogolo.

DIC Mosiyana GTU

Kusiyana akuluakulu a injini mkati kuyaka ndi machitidwe mpweya chopangira mphamvu ndi motere. The mkati kuyaka injini ndondomeko ya psinjika mpweya kuyaka ndi kukula kwa mankhwala kuyaka zimachitika mwa limodzi mchitidwe structural, amatchedwa yamphamvu engine. GTU njira akutsatiridwa pa osiyana mfundo structural:

• psinjika imagwiridwa mu kompresa ya;
• kuyaka, motero, mu chipinda chapadera;
• kuwonjezera mankhwala kuyaka ikuchitika chopangira mphamvu ndi gasi.

Chifukwa cha turbines zaphindu mafuta ndi injini kuyaka mkati pang'ono ofanana, ngakhale ntchito zofanana m'zinthu thermodynamic.

Pomaliza

Ndi chitukuko cha otsika mphamvu, kuchuluka kwa dzuwa ake turbines mpweya ndi machitidwe ntchito kuphimba nawo kukula dongosolo mphamvu chonse dziko. Choncho, anthu ambiri ankafuna zingamuthandize ntchito machinist mpweya turbines. Zotsatirazi anzanga Western angapo opanga Russian ndi katswiri yopanga yosafuna chopangira mphamvu makhazikitsidwe mtundu. Woyamba kuphatikiza mkombero magetsi a mbadwo watsopano latsopano la Russia wakhala North-West matenthedwe magetsi ku St. Petersburg.