Zitsulo kuponyera: ndondomeko njira, njira

Zitsulo - maziko a chitukuko chamakono onse. M'chaka cha anthu masiku ano umabala ndi njira zingapo chitsulo yekha, kuti pamaso pa dziko lonse likanakhala tinazitenga izo kwa osachepera angapo zaka. Ndipo zosowa yilungamitsidwa, kuyambira yekha yomanga amatenga ndalama zosaneneka za zitsulo pa. N'zosadabwitsa kuti zitsulo kuponyera ngati zonse bwino.

A mbiri pang'ono

Mbali yofunika ya chitsulo kutenga, kuzizira, "maganizo" kupanga, mamuna anaona kalelo. Masiku ano, pafupifupi asayansi zimasonyeza kuti anthu koyamba ubwenzi ndi zitsulo unachitikira kudzera meteorites. Meteoritic chitsulo anali kusungunuka, zinali zosavuta kusamalira, chotero kuti maziko ena akutulukira chitukuko akuponya anaphunzira kalekale.

Mu dziko lathu, zitsulo castings kwa zaka mazana ntchito olemekezedwa ndi kulemekezedwa, kwa luso anthu nthawi zonse ankachitira ndi ulemu waukulu. Podziwika "Tsar Cannon" ndi "Tsar Bell" ndi katswiri wa ambuye Russian akhale mmisiri foundry, ngakhale mmodzi wa iwo konse otchedwa, ndipo chachiwiri - sanali kuwombera. Ural oyambitsa chomwecho mu ulamuliro wa Peter Wamkulu kuthi mbiri zapadera monga katundu odalirika zida nkhondo. Komabe, dzina limeneli si molondola tsopano. Tisanafotokoze kuyang'ana pa mitundu ikuluikulu ya kuponyera zitsulo, m'pofunika kunena mawu ochepa za makhalidwe a zipangizo zopangira chofunika.

Kodi tiyenera kukhala ndi zitsulo kuponyera

Chuma chofunika kwambiri zitsulo, umene ukuyenera ntchito akuponya, - fluidity ake. Aloyi mu mawonekedwe osungunula ali otaya pazipita mophweka kuchokera mbiya wina kwa mzake, ndipo n'chifukwa chake kudzazidwa mphindi zamkati. The apamwamba a zolowa, khoma zikhoza kupangidwa n'kakang'ono mu chotsirizidwa. Ndi zitsulo, moyenda bwino, ovuta kwambiri. Pansi bwinobwino zinthu, wamaliza kuti akathyole kale kwambiri kuposa kumela onse mawonekedwe. Ndi izi Kuvuta opanga amakumana kuchita akuponya zitsulo kasakaniza wazitsulo.

Nzosadabwitsa kuti chitsulo anakhala ankakonda casters zakuthupi. Ndipo onse chifukwa cha aloyi izi fluidity kwambiri, umene chifukwa ntchito nawo mosavuta. Zitsulo si monga madzimadzi, choncho kwa nkhungu wathunthu kudzazidwa (kupewa cavities ndi voids) ali amachita zosiyanasiyana za ndale.

Pankhani losavuta, pamene kunyumba zitsulo kuponyera chofunika zopangira isungunuke ndi anazitsanulira mwa magawo ka madzi: makamaka, zikhoza kupangidwa sinkers nsomba. Koma njira izi ndi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ngakhale makampani manja! Kuchokera pamwamba pa nsanja wapadera, mu ndondomeko akufanana nsanja, komanso dosed ayamba kutsanulira achitsulo. Kutalika kwa nyumba ndi ngati kuti nthaka anadza droplet mwangwiro-anapanga chazirala pansi. Ndicho chimene chikuchitika pa mpukutu mafakitale lonse.

"Dziko Lapansi" akamaumba

Njira yosavuta komanso amakezana a kuponyera zitsulo ndi pansi. Koma "kuphweka" wake - mfundo ndi ochiritsira, monga ntchito kumafunika kukonzekera yolemetsa kwambiri. Kodi zikutanthauzanji izo?

Choyamba, chitsanzo shopu ndi chachikulu, ndi chitsanzo ambiri mwatsatanetsatane kuponyera m'tsogolo. Komanso, kukula kwake ayenera kukhala pang'ono kuposa nkhani imene ayenera, monga chitsulo pa kuzirala lidzakhalamo. Monga ulamuliro, chitsanzo zimapangitsa kugawanika kwa amachepetsa awiri.

Kamodzi zatha kukonzekera mwapadera akamaumba mchenga. Ngati mankhwala tsogolo ayenera kukhala cavities mkati ndi voids, muli kuphika chifukwa ndi ndodo, komanso zina akamaumba pawiri. Iwo ayenera lembani mongoyembekezera m'madera amene ali mwa otsiriza "zopanda pake". Ngati mukufuna kuponyera zitsulo panyumba, onetsetsani kuti kukumbukira chochitika ichi, kuyambira mwinamwake botolo kale wodzazidwa akhoza kungoyankha kuswa zoipazi, ndipo zotsatira zake zingakhale zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri.

Kodi anapanga zipangizo akamaumba?

maziko ndi sukulu zosiyanasiyana za mchenga ndi dongo, binder nyimbo. ntchito yawo akhoza kuchita zachilengedwe ndi kupanga mafuta, linseed mafuta, utomoni wopambana, ayendetse, koma osachepera phula.

Kenako pakubwera molders nthawi, amene ntchito ndi kupanga amatha kuumba. Ngati kufotokoza mwachidule, njira zimenezi potenga bokosi matabwa, n'kuiika theka mawonekedwe (ndi detachable), ndi mipata pakati pa makoma ndipo ndipamene chitsanzo kukhomerera akamaumba mankhwala.

Iwo amachita chimodzimodzi ndi theka lachiwiri ndi kulumikiza ndi magawo awiri a chokanikiza. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti mu gawo la mawonekedwe kuti pamene priming adzakhala pamwamba, amaika awiri phirilo wapadera. Mmodzi wa iwo ntchito kuthira achitsulo, wachiwiri - pa kuchoka kwa kuwonjezera mpweya.

Mapeto a gawo kukonzekera

Ndipo tsopano mwina ndi nthawi kuti chofunika kwambiri ntchito. botololo mosamala kwambiri kusagwirizana, kuyesetsa kupewa kunyengerera umphumphu wa mchenga akamaumba. Pambuyo pa dziko lapansi ndi awiri bwino ndi zambiri kusindikiza wa mwatsatanetsatane m'tsogolo. Iwo ndiye TACHIMATA ndi utoto wapadera. Izi zachitika kwa achitsulo salowa mwachindunji kukhudzana ndi mchenga pansi akamaumba. Zitsulo Kuyengako sayenera kuloledwa, kuyambira mwinamwake khalidwe la mankhwala yomalizidwa mwina kwambiri iwonongeke.

Ngati ndi kotheka, nthawi yomweyo Kadulidwa zina wothamanga ndimeyi, koyenera kuti kuthira Sungunulani. botololo kachiwiri adawonjeza pazipita ndi mwamphamvu chokhudzana. Pamene osakaniza moldable ndi pang'ono adzauma, mukhoza kuyamba kuponyera.

Yambani akuponya

Choyamba, mu chimphika, ndiye ng'anjo wapadera, osungunula billets chitsulo. Ngati chofunika kuti aponye zitsulo, ndi zopangira isungunuke mu ng'anjo kuphulika, yotsegula malo osonkhapo moto, inverter ndi ng'anjo ena. Kubweretsa mu Sungunulani boma zitsulo nonferrous, ntchito yapadera limatsogolera chipangizo.

Onse, mukhoza kuyamba kuponyera. Ngati mawonekedwe a munthu kapena Sungunulani kutsanulira chidebe, anthu paokhapaokha. Nthawi zina, monga ulamuliro, bungwe conveyor: lamba ndi akusowekapo kapena pansi ndowa kapena ndowa limayenda pa mizere ya flasks. Izo zonse zikudalira pa gulu la ulimi. Pamene nthawi ifika ndi zitsulo akamazizira, ndi kuchotsedwa nkhungu. Mfundo njira imeneyi ndi yabwino pa nthawi imene chofunika zitsulo akamaumba kunyumba (kuti alimbikire Mwachitsanzo). Chinachake changwiro choposa mu zinthu izi kukwaniritsa komabe sukhala ntchito.

Sandblast kapena makina akupera ndi chotsirizidwa chikutha ndi sikelo kutsatira akamaumba mchenga. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, njira imeneyi ntchito mwakhama kupanga akasinja pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. Ndicho chimene anapanga nsanja kuponya, ndi m'chiyero ndi kusinthasintha kwa ndondomekoyi amalola kutulutsa nambala yaikulu magalimoto nkhondowo zomwe zinali zofunika kutsogolo. Mitundu zina ziti kuponyera zitsulo?

tsembwe kuponyera

Koma tsopano ntchito zambiri zovuta kuzimvetsa ndi zipangizo zambiri zamakono njira kupanga mankhwala kuumbidwa. Mwachitsanzo, zitsulo tsembwe kuponyera. Mfundo njira zambiri monga ife tafotokozazi, kuyambira mu nkhani iyi amatha kuumba ntchito. Only mu nkhani iyi iwo amapangidwa ndi zitsulo, amene kwambiri zimatithandiza ndondomeko ya kuŵeta.

Motero, amachepetsa awiri a cones ndi ndodo ali anaikapo (kwa kuthira zitsulo ndi opanda mapangidwe), kenako mwamphamvu kukhomerera kwa wina ndi mzake. Onse mukhoza kupeza ntchito. The peculiarity wa njira imeneyi ndiye kuti apa achitsulo solidifies mofulumira kwambiri, n'zotheka kupanga kuzirala yokakamiza, choncho ndondomeko kumasulidwa ndi zambiri mofulumira. Mothandizidwa ndi nkhungu imodzi yokha mukhoza kupeza mazana, kapena zikwi, a castings, popanda amacheza kwa nthawi mitundu payekha maphunziro ndi mankhwala akamaumba.

Ena mwa kuipa njira

The sangathe kwa njira ya kuponyera n'chakuti anthu okhawo mitundu zitsulo ali oyenera izo, zomwe yodziwika ndi fluidity mkulu mu mawonekedwe chosungunula. Mwachitsanzo, yekha kuponyera kuthamanga (m'munsimu) ndi oyenera zitsulo, kuyambira nkhaniyi alibe flowability wabwino ambiri. Mothandizidwa ndi mpweya wothinikizidwa, ngakhale kwambiri "yopondereza" mitundu akhala bwino unkagunda mawonekedwe ankafunila. Nkhani zoipa ndi kuti alipidwa zitsulo nkhungu mikhalidwe kupanga kwambiri chabe siziboola pansi ndi kugwa. N'chifukwa chake tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira yapadera ya ulimi, umene ife kufotokoza pansipa.

jekeseni akamaumba

Kodi osewera - opanikizika - zitsulo? Zina mwa zinthu Takambirana kale pamwambapa, koma ayenera kuulula nkhaniyi mwatsatanetsatane. Chirichonse ndi wosavuta. Choyamba, chofunika khalidwe la sukulu nkhungu zitsulo, kumene kungakhale multistage, zovuta mkati mawonekedwe. Kachiwiri, muyenera zida ikukoka, angathe outputting ku asanu ndi mazana asanu MP.

The mwayi waukulu njira imeneyi ndiye mkulu limatsogolera ntchito. Izo apobe amapereka jekeseni akamaumba? Zitsulo mu nkhani iyi masamba kuli ndi ubwino padziko chotsirizidwa likukhalira wabwino kwambiri. The chochitika yamasika Akuchotsa dongosolo zovuta ndi chintchito ndithu kuyeretsa ndi kupukuta. Kodi zipangizo mu njira ya ulimi Ndi bwino kumasula katundu zonse zatha ndipo mbali?

Ambiri ntchito kasakaniza wazitsulo zochokera zotayidwa, nthaka, mkuwa, tini-kutsogolera (akuponya akakhala zitsulo). Kusungunuka mfundo ali ochepa, choncho amakwaniritsa mkulu kwambiri zamakono ndondomeko. Komanso nkhaniyi ndi ochepa pamene utakhazikika keke. Izi zikutanthauza kuti n'zotheka kuti apange mbali ndi tolerances ochepa, kuti nkhani zamakono n'kofunika kwambiri.

Kuvuta kwa njira ndi kuti yomalizidwa mankhwala pa kulekana nkhungu akhoza kuonongeka. Komanso, njira imeneyi ndi yabwino kokha kupanga mbali ndi ochepa khoma makulidwe. chakuti nkhungu wosanjikiza zitsulo adzakhala kwambiri m'goli alimbitse kuti adzaona mapangidwe voids ndipo cavities.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera za "mphesa" kuponyera

makina onse ogwiritsa ntchito mu njira imeneyi akuponya nkhani zitsulo anawagawa m'magulu awiri akuluakulu: otentha ndi ozizira chipinda kuponyera. "Hot" mitundu zambiri kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa kasakaniza wazitsulo nthaka ofotokoza. Pankhaniyi, kuponyera chipinda yokha kumizidwa mu achitsulo. mpweya pressurized kapena pisitoni wapadera wasefukira mu kuponyera patsekeke.

Monga ulamuliro, yobereka wa mphamvu si chofunika, kuthamanga zokwanira 35-70 MPa. Choncho nkhungu kwa akuponya zitsulo Pankhaniyi akhoza kukhala chosavuta kwambiri ndi mtengo, kuti zotsatira zabwino kwambiri pa mtengo chomaliza cha mankhwala. Mu amatha kuumba kuzizira achitsulo ali kuti "kuwathamangitsa" mwakuya mu zipinda kuponyera opanikizika makamaka mkulu. Pankhaniyi zingakhale 700. MPa.

Kodi mbali umatulutsa akamaumba jekeseni?

Iwo ali paliponse. The mafoni, makompyuta, makamera ndi kusamba makina kulikonse pali zinthu analandira njira izi. Makamaka izo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makina, kuphatikizapo mwachindunji ndi ndege ngakhale makampani danga. Kulemera kwa mbali kuumbidwa siyana kuchokera magalamu angapo makilogalamu 50 (kapena ngakhale apamwamba). Thiabendazole angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngakhale ena "processing" zitsulo kuponyera? Inde, ndipo pali zambiri njira.

Akuponya Investment kuponyera

Monga momwe zinalili poyamba tiganizire, anthu kuyambira nthawi akale ankadziwa za njira kuthira achitsulo mu chitsanzo okonzeka zopangidwa paraffin kapena phula. Mwachidule anaika botolo ndi kuononga mipata ndi kuumba mchenga. The Sungunulani sera amasungunula ndi limathandiza buku lonse la preform chachikulu. Njira imeneyi ndi bwino kuti chitsanzo sayenera kutuluka botololo. Komanso pa nthawi yomweyo nkotheka kupeza mfundo khalidwe la wangwiro, zitsulo kuponyera zimachitika mosavuta automate.

Kuponyera, chipolopolo nkhungu

Ngati kuponyera ndi osavuta, ndi "danga" pa mphamvu ya chotsirizidwa sikutanthauza akamaumba mu mawonekedwe chipolopolo angagwiritsidwe ntchito. Pangani kuyambira nthawi makedzana, ndi ntchito ngati maziko abwino mchenga silika ndi utomoni. Lero, ndithudi, mankhwala osiyanasiyana kupanga ntchito ngati otsiriza.

N'kupita collapsible zitsulo chitsanzo ongokhala amachepetsa awiri ndi kuika pa pamwamba usavutike madigiri pafupifupi 300 Celsius. Ndiye pali udzathiridwa moldable osakaniza (mchenga ndi utomoni youma) kotero kuti kwathunthu chimakwirira padziko zitsanzo zitsulo. Mchikakamizo cha kutentha kusungunula utomoni, ndi kakakulu mchenga pali mwachilungamo amphamvu "botolo".

Kamodzi zonsezi ndi pang'ono kozizira, zitsulo ingots akhoza kuchotsedwa, ndipo mchenga chitumidwa kwa "Kukuwotcha" mu uvuni. Kenako, mtundu mokwanira amphamvu: kaphatikizidwe amachepetsa awo awiri, sipangakhalenso anazitsanulira mwa chitsulo chosungunula. Kodi zina njira kuponyera zitsulo?

amatulutsa centrifugal

Pamene Sungunulani udzathiridwa mu mawonekedwe wapadera kuti kwambiri liwiro ali zimayenda mu yopingasa kapena ofukula ziyerekezo. Chifukwa cha amphamvu ravnoprilozhennyh centrifugal mphamvu zitsulo uniformly wasefukira zonse mawonekedwe mipata, potero kukwaniritsa mkulu khalidwe anamaliza mankhwala. Njira kuponyera abwino kwa kupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mipope. Timatha kupanga zambiri yunifolomu khoma makulidwe, lomwe ndi povuta kuti tikwaniritse ntchito "malo amodzi" njira.

electroslag kuponyera

Kodi pali njira iliyonse kuti kuponyera zitsulo, ndipo moyenerera angatchedwe ano? Electroslag kuponyera. Choncho zitsulo madzi woyamba akamagwira kuchita okonzeka yaiwisi wamphamvu kukha magetsi Arc. Bezdugovoy angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi njira kumene chitsulo isungunuke ndi kutentha anasonkhanitsa ndi slag lapansi. Koma pa chinthu otsiriza ndipo zinthu kukha wamphamvu.

Kenako, chitsulo madzi, amene pa ndondomeko lonse konse mu kukhudzana ndi mpweya, umaperekedwa mu chipinda crystallization ndilo "osakaniza" akadali ndi nkhungu. Njira ntchito castings osavuta ndi chachikulu kupanga amene safuna kutsatira zinthu zambiri.

zingalowe kuponyera

Agwiritsidwa Koma ngati zipangizo "osankhika" monga golide, titaniyamu, zosapanga dzimbiri. Zitsulo isungunuke mu zingalowe, kenako msanga (yomweyo zinthu) analigawa ndi mitundu. njira zabwino kuti pamene ntchito pafupifupi lilibe mapangidwe voids mpweya ndi cavities mu mankhwala, kuyambira kuchuluka kwa mpweya pano m'menemo ndi kochepa. Nkofunika kukumbukira kuti kulemera kwa kuponyera Pankhaniyi sindingakhoze upambana angapo makilogalamu zana.

Kodi n'zotheka zambiri za kulemera?

Inde, luso woterewu. Koma zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthawi imene ndi kukonzedwa imodzi kuchokera matani zana la zitsulo ndi zambiri. Choyamba, zitsulo isungunuke mu zingalowe, kenako anazitsanulira mwa zisamere pachakudya si, koma ndowa wapadera akamaumba, amenenso ndiotetezedwa ku kulowa mpweya M'mimbamo iwo.

The Sungunulani yomalizidwa akhoza anabalalitsidwa m'njira imene panopa komanso kale anasamutsidwa mpope. Zitsulo, chifukwa ichi ndondomeko, ndi mtengo ndithu. Izo ntchito kulipira, komanso mitundu ina ya kuponyera yomweyo, pamene mukufuna kulandira workpiece ndi mbali wapamwamba kwambiri.

Kuponyera zathovu (yopsereza kunja) lachitsanzo

Pa khalidwe la castings ndi kuphweka, njira imeneyi ndi imodzi mwa yopindulitsa kwambiri, koma chifukwa akugwiritsa ntchito zambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito mu makampani ano. Wotchuka kwambiri ndi zitsulo kuponyera, kupanga zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira chaka ndi chaka, lili mu China ndi US, monga m'munsi mafakitale mayiko awiriwa kufunika apamwamba chifukwa zitsulo khalidwe. The ntchito njira imeneyi ndiye kuti akulola kuponyera popanda malamulo Kaya kulemera ndi kukula.

Mu njira zambiri, zimenezi zikufanana ndi njira tafotokozazi ife: Pankhaniyi, chitsanzo koyamba sakhala wa sera kapena dongo, koma thovu tsopano inafalitsidwa. Popeza nkhaniyi ali ndi makhalidwe ake, ndi binder osakaniza mchenga ndi odzaza mu botolo kuthamanga pa 50 kPa. Nthawi zambiri, njira imeneyi ndi kuchita milandu amenewa m'pofunika kuti mbali masekeli kuchokera magalamu 100 matani awiri.

Komabe, tanena kuti ena malire zovuta pa kukula kwa mbali ayi. Motero, njira imeneyi, kuponyera angathe kuchitidwa ngakhale Chalk injini sitima yomwe konse "wodzichepetsa" Miyeso sanali amasiyana. Pakuti yense tani zinthu zachitsulo yaiwisi ndalama otsatirawa zinthu zina:

• Chabwino khwatsi mchenga - 50 kg.
• Makamaka nonstick ❖ kuyanika - 25 kg.
• A polystyrene granular - 6 makilogalamu.
• Wandiweyani polyethylene filimu - 10 sq. m.

Onse akamaumba mchenga - wangwiro khwatsi mchenga popanda zina zoonjezera ndi zowonjezera. Zingakhalenso pafupifupi 95-97% reused, amene kumawonjezera kwambiri Mwachangu ndi amachepetsa mtengo kwa ndondomekoyi.

Choncho, zitsulo akuponya (sayansi ya ndondomeko wakhala pang'ono kulankhula ife) - chodabwitsa cha "Mipikisano faceted" chifukwa pali zambiri njira zatsopano tsiku. Mu yomweyi, makampani ano amagwiritsa njira zimene zinali ntchito kwa zaka zikwi zingapo zapitazo, ena atengere iwo zenizeni panopa.