Amene anapeza chodabwitsa mphira vulcanization, ndi ndichiyani?

Amene anapeza chodabwitsa mphira vulcanization, osati aliyense amadziwa. Ngakhale kuti dzina la munthu uyu amene amatchulidwa kawirikawiri malonda. dzina lake anali Charles Nelson Goodyear, ndipo lero dzina lake, "ndi" matayala wotchuka mtundu. Popanda nkhani, "Indian mphira" (labala) Mwina konse apeza kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri, T. Kwa. Inali chabe gimmick, kamodzi naye ku America. Kwa zaka zambiri, Charles imachitika zatsopano zambiri ndi osiyana zigawo kusanganikirana mphira (kuchokera turpentine kuti poizoni okusayidi nthaka), pamene mu 1839 chaka si chinatseguka zikuchokera thunthu ndi sulfure.

akaweruka vulcanization ndondomeko ndi chiyani? Amazionera zimapangidwira - wokonzeka kusintha mphira pawiri mamolekyulu mu atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena mtundu okhudza malo gululi, ndi yopingasa nsinga mankhwala ndi mwachilungamo osowa. Chuma yamasika amalola matayala kukhala ofanana kwambiri kusintha, mmene pali mphira zachilengedwe, kuchokera lomwe anapanga.

Mu mphira vulcanization wa gululi akhoza zopezera pansi kutentha kapena dzuwa, komanso pamene ntchito yapadera wothandizila mankhwala. Monga ulamuliro, kwa opaleshoni ntchito mayunitsi wapadera monga boilers, makina jekeseni akamaumba, makina, autoclaves, shaper-vulcanizers ndi coolants (kuchokera nthunzi otentha Kutentha magetsi).

Akuchiritsa kutentha kwa mphira yaiwisi akhoza kukhala osiyanasiyana ndithu malingana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chomaliza mankhwala. A zosiyanasiyana mtundu kuchokera madigiri 130 kwa 200 Celsius, ngakhale mphira zokutira ndi zomatira zina anachiritsa firiji (pa madigiri 20, "ozizira vulcanization"). Zinthu wothandizila zosiyanasiyana ndithu kwa ndondomeko zina. nthawi zambiri kumachitika vulcanization sulfuric, amene amalola kulandira diene rubbers opangira tayala ndi nsapato za jombo. Kuwonjezera apo, udindo ndi ankaimba ndi otchedwa "boosters" (kwa mtundu yotsirizira ya ndondomeko), ndi makamaka sulfonamides ndi malo TIZOL.

Hot vulcanization wa mphira akhoza imachitika mu nthawi yochepa kwambiri ngati boosters akugwira nawo mu ndondomeko mankhwala: dithiocarbamates, kapena xanthates. Pankhaniyi ntchito udzachitika mofulumira pa kutentha pafupifupi 110-125 madigiri. Pakuti kuchiritsa zomatira ndi zina lalabala zikulumikizana kutentha m'munsi (20 mpaka 100 madigiri) zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate.

Ntchito vulcanization wa mphira zinthu wothandiza (oligoester acrylates, peroxides, phenol utomoni, etc.) Amalola kuti mankhwala ndi mkulu kutentha kukana, monolithic, bwino dielectric katundu. Pontho si udindo wotsiriza mu mapangidwe chobalidwa (kuchokera zidendene za nsapato kwa zodzikongoletsera), antioxidants (kusewera kutalikitsa moyo mphira) ndi plasticizers, kulola kuchepetsa kukhuthala thunthu mu mankhwala ndi mlingo wa "erasing".