Gasi m'zigawo. Njira mpweya. kupanga mafuta Russia

gasi aumbike mwa kusakaniza mipweya zosiyanasiyana matanthwe a pansi padziko. Nthawi zambiri, kuya ranges ku mamita mazana angapo angapo makilomita. Tikumbukenso kuti mpweya akhoza kupangidwa pa kutentha ndi mavuto. Pankhaniyi, mwayi kwa mpweya kuti malo palibe. Pakali pano, kupanga mafuta kuzindikira m'njira zingapo, aliyense wa iwo ayankhidwa m'nkhaniyi. Koma tiyeni onse mu dongosolo.

mwachidule

Iwo ayenera kumvetsa kuti gasi ndi pafupifupi 98% wapangidwa dziko. Komanso, kapangidwe kake zingaphatikizepo ethane, propane, byuteni, ndi ena. Pali mawu akuti "mpweya sagwirizana nazo". Akunena za gasi, amene makamaka yopangidwa kuchokera ku miyala argillaceous. Yankholo mobisa kwambiri seams malasha, sandstone ndi geofence ena opanikizika kwambiri mkulu. Pakali pano, gawo mpweya sagwirizana nazo pang'ono zosakwana hafu, ndi 2030 izo zakonzedwa kuonjezera chithunzi ichi kuti 56%. Panopa, pafupifupi m'mayiko onse mpweya kupanga ndi zitsime. Koma ambiri a iwo, pafupifupi 40%, wa United States. Pajatu ndi boma amagulitsa kuchuluka yaikulu mpweya chaka. Tiyeni tikambirane mwatsatanetsatane pa nkhaniyi ndi kuthana ndi mafunso athu.

M'zigawo mpweya mu dziko

Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, anthu asankha njira zopititsira patsogolo m'zigawo za chuma mchere, lomwe ndi zabwinobwino mfundo. zosowa anthu kukula tsiku lililonse, ndipo pali kufunika umisiri watsopano kupanga. Pakali pano, ngati mchere monga gasi, amapangidwa padziko lonse m'minda mafuta ndi gasi, komanso angapezeke kusungunuka mafuta kapena madzi. Ngati ife kulankhula makamaka za Russia, dziko lathu ndi yotengedwa matumbo a Dziko Lapansi. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mpweya mu maonekedwe ake angwiro ali palibe mtundu kapena fungo. Mwamsanga kudziwa mpweya kutayikira, kunachititsa odorants, omwe fungo lakuthwa. njira imeneyi kumachepetsa imfa mwa anthu chifukwa cha mpweya kutayikira. Kumene, gasi dziko kupanga zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zida chitetezo chifukwa lawi aliyense lotseguka kungachititse kuti ambiri akuvutika pa bwino malo.

hydrated mpweya kudzikundikira

Si kale, padatsimikiza kuti mafuta akhoza m'manda ku boma olimba. Ngati pamaso asayansi ankadziwa kokha boma madzi ndi gaseous, izo pakalipano za madipoziti olimba, zimene zili zofunika kwambiri kwa mafakitale. Tsiku lililonse likadutsa, koposa nkhani za kuti pansi pa nyanja pali woipa yaikulu ya mpweya woipa, umene muli mawonekedwe a hydrates. Hydrates sanapezebe ntchito lonse, koma kale ntchito desalination madzi, Komanso, anakonza ntchito mosungiramo zimenezi kwa kasungidwe mpweya. Ndipotu, gasi kubala m'madera akhoza kukuza penapake, monga momwe muli hydrates, pangakhale madipoziti zina mchere. Tsopano tiyeni tipitirire ndi kuyang'ana pa chinachake chidwi.

Miyala ya gasi

Pali umboni kuti akusonyeza kuti pali chachikulu madipoziti gasi mu chipolopolo nyanja ya kutumphuka dziko lapansi. chiphunzitso Pali biogenic, lomwe limati mafuta ndi mafuta makamaka aumbike mwa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu yaitali moyo mchikakamizo cha kutentha ndi mavuto. Komanso, ulamuliro kutentha ndi zambiri pang'ono apamwamba, chimodzimodzi monga kuthamanga kuposa m'minda mafuta. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti mpweya ili pansipa mafuta. Pakali pano, ndi madipoziti waukulu wogwidwa ndi Russia. Mokulira m'matangadza wa chuma mchere kungakhale kokwanira kwa zaka zambiri. kupanga mafuta Russia akhazikitsidwa mu pafupifupi onse malo. Malinga ndi unduna wa Natural Resources la Chitaganya cha Russia Malinga ndi buku okwana pafupifupi 48,8 trln.m ^3.

nkhokwe gasi ndi dziko

Pakali pano, tikhoza kunena kuti malinga ndi kafukufuku boma, maiko 101 pa nkhokwe zawo m'dera la mchere. Mu malo otsiriza Benin - 0, 0011 trln.m ^3, ndipo mu malo oyamba Russia - 47.800 trln.m ^3. Koma chithunzi ichi anapatsidwa CIA, kotero kwenikweni deta zingasiyane pang'ono. Wina dziko kuti ali nkhokwe sizidzatha - Iran. Komanso, mayiko a ku Persian Gulf, monga United States ndi Canada, akhoza kudzitama minda wolemera gasi. Ngati mayiko a ku Ulaya lonena, ndiye mu malo oyamba Norway ndi Netherlands. Ndi chidwi kuti dziko, kamodzi gawo la USSR, monga Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, nayenso, ndi zambiri gasi. Monga tanenera kale pang'ono apamwamba mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma 20 ankagwidwa hydrates mpweya. Lero tisadziwa madipoziti zawo zoopsa. Ndipo m'matangadza ndi onse kwambiri, ndipo pansi pansi pa madzi.

njira gasi

Panopa, madipoziti ndi ili pa kuya kwa makilomita 1-3. Mmodzi wa zitsime zakuya ili pafupi ndi mzinda wa Novy Urengoy, iye amapita mobisa makilomita 6. Mu kuya kwa iwo ali mu pores pansi kuthamanga. Pang'onopang'ono akulowa pores pampanipani ndi zochepa ndipo kotero mpaka ndiye, mpaka mutapeza mwachindunji mu bwino.

The njira yaikulu zokolola - ndi kuboola. Kawirikawiri malo gawo ili ndi zitsime ochepa. Ndipo iwo akuyesera kuti kubowola wogawana vuto mosungiramo pafupifupi mofanana anagawira pa zitsime angapo. Ngati bwino ndi mmodzi, ndiye zikuoneka osefukira ake msanga. Pakali pano, pafupifupi palibe njira zina gasi. Makamaka chifukwa chakuti ndi zosayenera kuti mukupanga zinthu zatsopano, makamaka ngati luso ndi zovuta. N'zokayikitsa kuti chinachake pafupi m'tsogolo m'malo bwino.

Kukonzekera mpweya zoyendera

Pambuyo malasha zachilengedwe analandira osati zitsime zokumba zogwiritsa padziko lapansi, m'pofunika kuti idzabweretsa wosuta. Izi zikhoza kukhala chomera mankhwala, zomera mphamvu ndi maukonde zina gasi. kukonzekera zoyendera chifukwa chakuti kuwonjezera pa zigawo zikuluzikulu zofunika mmenemo ndi zosafunika ena, amene kulepheretsa ntchito zina zokwawa pa mphambano. M'pofunika kuchotsa madzi nthunzi kuti akhoza kudziunjikira mu mitsempha ndi kungafoole kuyenda. Muyeneranso kuchotsa ndi sulfide wa hydrogen, lomwe ndi loopsa kwambiri kwa zida mpweya (zikuwononga). Pakuti yokonza njira zosiyanasiyana akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito. The ambiri abwino ndi chimodzi pa zimene yoyenga madzi ili pafupi atangochimwa gawo lapansi. Ndiye ndi kuyanika ndi kuyeretsa. Pankhani ya okhutira mkulu wa sulphide wa hydrogen kapena helium, malasha ndi chitumidwa kwa mbewu mafuta processing. Mfundo yopanga mafuta Russia ndi amangoona akuyendera mwa zomera, monga khalidwe la mankhwala choyambirira si nthawi zonse mpaka ndime.

mayendedwe gasi

Panopa, njira yaikulu zoyendera ndi ngalande. Chitoliro awiri akhoza kufika 1.4 m, ndi kuthamanga dongosolo 75 atmospheres. Komabe, m'kupita kwa patsogolo kudzera kuthamanga payipi atayika, ndipo mankhwala ndi usavutike. Chifukwa imeneyi, pa intervals ena kumanga okwerera kompresa. Pali kuchuluka mpweya kuthamanga kwa 55-120 ATM, ndi utakhazikika. Ngakhale kuti pakhale mzere mpweya ndi odula kwambiri lero - ndi njira yabwino kwambiri ya kupereka zachilengedwe mu sing'anga ndi waufupi mtunda. Nthawi zina, onyamula mafuta, iwo Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa mathanki. Mpweya zili muli wapadera boma liquefied. pamene amakasiya kutentha ayenera kukhala mu uthunthu madigiri 150-160 Celsius. Njira imeneyi ali ndi mwayi ndithu, monga chitetezo liquefied mpweya.

Pomaliza

Nkhaniyi mwachidule luso yopanga gasi anali mwafufuza. Mfundo bwino ndi njira otchuka. njira ina, ngati akuyendera, sindinapeza ntchito pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Koma mpweya dera ntchito, mu malo oyamba - ndi mafuta. The mafuta ntchito Kutentha kunyumba ndi Kutentha madzi, kuphika, etc. Chifukwa mitengo mkulu mphamvu - ndi imodzi mwa njira yotsika mtengo wa magetsi. Ntchito mpweya ndi monga mafuta galimoto, zomera mphamvu ndi boilers. zomera mankhwala ntchito kupangira mapulasitiki ndi zina organic. Chabwino, ndizo zonse pa nkhaniyi. Kumbukirani kuti zosayenera anathetsera mafuta akhoza chakupha.