Njira ya moyo wa America. The American Dream

Kuyambira kwinakwake mu zaka za makumi asanu ndi ziwiri zapitazo, zikhalidwe za chikhalidwe cha American zinayamba kulowa mu USSR, ndipo izi ngakhale kuti Iron Curtain ilibe. Pang'onopang'ono, mtundu wooneka bwino wa United States of America unamangidwa pakati pa anyamata pakati pa anyamata. Mibadwo yambiri ya achinyamata a Soviet anthu a zaka za m'ma 70 ndi 90 adalandira njira ya moyo wa America, mafashoni, kalembedwe, nyimbo, malingaliro. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti US ndizozizira kwambiri. Ambiri ankalakalaka kuchoka kumeneko, chifukwa pali ufulu, demokarasi, kuthekera kwa kudziwonetsera nokha ndi zosangalatsa zina za moyo.

Mkhalidwe wa njira ya moyo wa America

Nchiyani chapadera kwambiri pa USA? Nchifukwa chiyani anthu ambiri padziko lonse akukhulupirirabe kuti dzikoli ndilobwino? Lingaliro la "njira ya moyo wa America" lasanduka lingaliro labwino. Ndipo chifukwa chabwino. Ndiponsotu, mauthenga ofalitsa amachititsa chithunzithunzi cha dziko la kuchulukira, kulemera kwapadziko lonse, kumasuka ndi mwayi. Amakhulupirira kuti njira ya moyo ya anthu a ku America ndi yogwira mtima komanso yogwira mtima, ndi yabwino komanso yothetsera.

Makhalidwe oyenera a kudzilemekeza kwina kulikonse kwa America ndi: galimoto, ngongole, nyumba zamkati ziwiri pafupi ndi mzinda. Ndipo, ndithudi, munthu angakhoze bwanji kuchita popanda demokarase yaulere ndi zipembedzo zambiri? Mosasamala kanthu za chikhalidwe chawo ndi chikhalidwe chawo, aliyense ali ofanana pamaso pa lamulo, momwemo ndi momwe kufalitsa kwa njira ya moyo wa America kumveka. Mwachidziwikire, chirichonse chimene munthu aliyense wodzilemekeza ayenera kuyesetsa, ndipo ku America ndi zophweka komanso zophweka.

Kodi maloto a ku America anafika bwanji?

Panthawi ya Kupsinjika Kwakukulu ku United States, James Adams analemba buku lakuti "The Epos of America", kumene mawu akuti "American Dream" adatchulidwa koyambirira. Iye adaimira United States monga boma momwe aliyense angalandire zomwe akuyenera, ndipo moyo wa munthu aliyense udzakhala wabwino, wodzala ndi wolemera. Kuchokera apo, mawuwa adayamba mizu ndipo sanagwiritsidwe ntchito pokhapokha, komanso molakwika. Pa nthawi yomweyo, tanthauzo lenileni la maloto a ku America ndi losavuta komanso alibe malire. Ndipo sizingatheke kuti zidzatchulidwa momveka bwino. Pambuyo pake, aliyense amaika tanthawuzo lake mu lingaliro ili, ndipo kuchokera ku ichi loto la America limakhala lokongola kwambiri. Lingaliro limeneli likugwirizananso kwambiri ndi alendo ochokera m'mayiko ena, kumene nthawi zambiri sakhala ndi ufulu wochuluka woterewu monga momwe amalimbikitsira mu States. Zimakhulupirira kuti kuli ku America kuti muthe kupambana mu moyo ndi ntchito yodziimira yodzilamulira.

Kodi chikhalidwe chake ndi chiyani?

Maloto a ku America ndi maloto okhudza moyo wokongola, ndipo choyamba ponena za chuma. Mwachitsanzo, ku Ulaya, panali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa anthu, kuti anthu ambiri akwaniritse chitukuko sizinali zenizeni. Izi ndizo dziko limene anthu oyamba amalonda amalimbikirapo kuti aliyense apindule. Ndipo malotowo anakhala cholinga cha mamiliyoni a anthu pofunafuna chuma chofulumira.

Amwenye a kumpoto kwa America m'zaka za zana la XVIII anazindikira mwamsanga mwayi wopanda malire umene dziko lapansili limapereka. M'madera awo, ntchito yolimbika ya munthu kuti ikhale yopindulitsa inakhala yabwino, ndipo, mwachibadwa, kunali koyenera kupereka kwa zosowa za mudzi wokha. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, umphaŵi unali wotsutsa, chifukwa munthu wamba, wofooka komanso wosapunthika sankakhoza kuchita chilichonse ndi mwayi wopanda phindu umene kampaniyi inapereka. Anthu otere sanalemekezedwe.

Choncho, kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira ya moyo yochokera kuzinthu zakuthupi kunachitika. Unali khalidwe latsopano, chipembedzo chatsopano, kumene kupambana kunakhala chizindikiro cha chikondi cha Mulungu. Zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi zapitazo zinasanduka nthumwi ya anthu othawirako mwachangu kuchokera ku Dziko Lakale kupita kudziko latsopano kumene kunalibe chikhalidwe ndi chitukuko chenichenicho, koma mwayi wopanda malire wopeza chuma. Kwa anthu awa, miyezo yamtengo wapatali ya moyo inali katundu, osati makhalidwe, chikhalidwe ndi chitukuko chauzimu. Motero, ndi chiyanjano china chanji, kuphatikizapo utsogoleri wamakono, kodi othawa kwawo angapereke kwa mibadwo yotsatira ya Amwenye?

Kotero, njira yatsopano ya moyo inalengedwa

Ngati ku Ulaya chuma ndi katundu zinalengedwa kapena kulimbana kwawo kunkachitika kokha mu gulu lapadera, ku America iwo adapezeka kwa aliyense. Panali mpikisano wovuta, popeza panali mamiliyoni ambiri olembapo. Komanso, chilakolako chopanda malire cha kulemera kwa chuma chinapangitsa kuti tikhale ndi umbombo wodabwitsa umene unayambitsa anthu a ku America. Chifukwa chakuti iwo anali ochokera ku mayiko onse otheka, oimira mitundu, zipembedzo ndi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, zinakhala zosangalatsa kwambiri.

Amereka anapatsidwa ufulu wopindulitsa kwa onse osasankhidwa, zomwe zinapangitsa mpikisano wamakono komanso wodabwitsa wa anthu, zomwe zinali zofunika kwambiri kuti apulumuke. A US adalenga miyambo yawo kuchokera ku zinthu zosiyana ndi zachilendo, kuzikakamiza kukhala zatsopano.

Zosangalatsa zosakaniza

America ndi dziko losiyana kwambiri. Choncho, mu 1890, anafotokoza za Bedekker, yemwe ndi wodziwika kwambiri ku England. Osangokhalapo okha, koma mosiyana ndi chilengedwe, kukhala pamodzi, osati kukhalapo okha, koma kukhalapo: kukhala ndi chikhulupiriro chosaoneka komanso kukonda chuma, kutenga nawo mbali ndi kusasamala kwa ena, kulera ndi kukwiyitsa, kugwira ntchito moona mtima ndi chilakolako chochitira nkhanza, kulemekeza lamulo ndi upandu, kudzikonda komanso kugwirizana. Zonsezi zinagwirizanitsa pamodzi ndikugwirizanitsidwa mu njira yatsopano ya moyo wa ku America.

Kwenikweni, kufanana ndiyomwe ndi imodzi mwa maziko a njira iyi ya moyo. Popeza kunalibe mphamvu ku America komwe, mothandizidwa ndi magulu a anthu, magulu a anthu komanso miyambo yakhazikika, akanatha kupanga ndi kukonza gulu lonse la anthu othawa kwawo, conformism inakhala njira yokhayo yopulumuka. Ku United States, kulengedwa kwa mabungwe onse a boma kunayamba kuyambira pachiyambi, kuyambira pachiyambi, ndipo, popanda kuthandizira kale, nzika zinatenga njira yokhayo yabwino - chuma. Chikhalidwe cha anthu, chikhalidwe, chipembedzo - onse anamvera njira yatsopano yamakhalidwe abwino, kumene magawo a ndalama ndi magawo anali ndi udindo waukulu. Chimwemwe cha anthu chinayamba kuwerengedwa kokha ndi chiwerengero cha mabanki.

Land of Idealists ndi Dreamers

Zomwezo ndizo Purezidenti Coolidge amachitcha America. Pambuyo pake, iyi ndi dziko limene wogwira ntchito aliyense akhoza kukhala mamilioni, chifukwa ali ndi maloto. Ndipo ziribe kanthu kuti aliyense sangathe kukhala amamilioni, chinthu chachikulu ndi kukhulupirira, kulota ndi kuyesetsa. Ndipo palibe amene adzasokoneze nthano iyi, chifukwa mtengo wa munthuyo mu States unali wofanana ndi akaunti ya banki ya mwini wake. Patapita nthawi, denga lapamwamba linasuntha motalikirapo: mazana zikwi za madola, mamiliyoni, mabiliyoni. Chifukwa kukwaniritsa maloto ndi dongosolo lomwe likuwonongeka, choyimitsa chimene sichiloledwa. Tiyenera kupita patsogolo. Mu izi, mwinamwake, njira ya moyo ya America ndi yofanana ndi chikominisi.

USA ndi USSR: Zofanana ndi Kusiyana

Ngakhale kuti moyo wa Soviet unali wosiyana kwambiri ndi America, panalibe chinthu chimodzi m'mayiko awiri osiyana. Chodabwitsa kwambiri, koma chikhumbo cha kukula kwa chuma chinali cholinga chofanana cha maloto a America ndi Soviet. Kusiyana kokha kunali kwa America, mapeto mwa iwo eni ali opindulitsa, ndipo kwa mgwirizanowu pali mgwirizano, chuma chonse. Koma m'mabuku onsewa, lingaliroli linali lochokera patsogolo - chitukuko chosagwira ntchito mafakitale, kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake.

Kupita patsogolo, moyo umasintha nthawi zonse, ndipo munthu ayenera kusintha nthawi zonse ku zatsopano ndi zatsopano. Kuti achite izi, ayenera kugwira ntchito, ndipo, motero, ntchito yakhala yofanana ndi ufulu. Ntchito yakhala ngati mtundu wa chipembedzo, chifukwa yemwe sanali munthu akhoza kukhala chirichonse. Zofalitsa zoterezi zinkachitika ku Soviet Union komanso ku United States of America.

Ngati kale mlimi angathe kudzipatsa yekha zinthu zonse zomwe akufuna, ndiye chifukwa cha ntchito zamalonda adadalira kwambiri boma, ndipo adayenera kudzigulitsa pamsika wogwira ntchito. Chifukwa cha ntchito, chidziwitso ndi kudzikonza zinakhazikitsidwa, zomwe zinapangitsa anthu kukhala pafupi kwambiri ndi dongosolo, lomwe linali labwino kwa anthu. Ntchito iliyonse inali yopindulitsa chuma, chomwe chinakhala chida cholamulira. Pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zamtengo wapatali za dollar imodzi pali chizindikiro chophiphiritsira "New Order Forever", chomwe chimapereka udindo wa US mu ndale zadziko.

Ufulu, kufanana ndi ...?

Panthawi ina, chilankhulo cha French Revolution chinali "Ufulu, kulingana, ubale". Zomwe zinali m'mibadwo yonse zinali malire a maloto a mtundu uliwonse. Mu Declaration of Independence, America imapititsa patsogolo momwemo, koma mmalo mwa ubale, "Ufulu wofuna chimwemwe" ukuwonetsedwa. Kusanthauzira kwakukulu ndi kosangalatsa. Koma kodi zonsezi ndizolondola komanso zowonekera?

Ngati ku Ulaya ku malo oyamba kunakhala ndi munthu amene ali ndi makhalidwe ake, ndiye apa pakubwera kufanana kwa anthu onse, mosasamala za chikhalidwe ndi chitukuko chauzimu. Ufulu ndi ufulu wochita nawo mpikisano, ndipo kufanana kumatanthawuza mwayi wofanana wolimbikitsa malonda. Chabwino, "ufulu wofuna chisangalalo" ndipo motero amalankhula yekha. Umoyo, mphamvu ya mzimu, chitukuko cha chikhalidwe ndi anthu ena opindula m'bungwe lino sizowonjezeka ndipo sizowunika, pali lingaliro limodzi la mphamvu - ili ndi chuma chomwe chimadutsa mbali zonse za moyo waumunthu ndi waumwini kwaokha.

Kukhwima maganizo monga mfundo yofunikira ya moyo watsopano

Chifukwa cha ntchito yamalonda, America kuchokera kudziko la agrarian inayamba kukhala mafakitale. Mankhwalawa amalowetsa m'mbuyo, ndipo kuchuluka kwa katundu wogulitsa kwayambika. Chiwerengero cha anthuwa chinakhala mbali yaikulu ya makina akuluakulu azachuma. Anthu akhala ogula, zinthu zakuthupi zayamba kuonekera, zomwe zakhala zikuwonjezeka. Koma mauthenga onse enieni a boma anali m'manja mwa eni ake okhudzidwa ndi makampani omwe adalamula kuti dziko lonse likhale ndi moyo, osati osati kokha. Pambuyo pake anatha kufalitsa mphamvu zawo padziko lonse lapansi.

Olemera a zachuma anayamba kugonjetsa ndi kuyang'anira anthu. Kwa mbali zambiri, anthu ochokera pansi pa chikhalidwe, kutali ndi chikhalidwe chapamwamba, kuchokera ku chitukuko cha uzimu ndi kuunikiridwa, anali pachida. Inde, ndipo anthu a ku America anali ndi anthu wamba, kotero chikhalidwe cha US chinayamba kukula kuchokera kumsika. Chifukwa chake, adagonjetsa dziko lonse lapansi. Cholinga chake chinali chakuti chikhalidwe chinasanduka gawo la zosangalatsa, zosangalatsa za munthu wogwira ntchito, amene atatha masiku ovuta kugwira ntchito. Kotero, tsopano ndi njira ya moyo wa munthu wamakono, osati ku America kokha.

Mfundo zazikulu komanso zowoneka bwino sizikanatha kuchititsa zosangalatsa zoterezi. Choncho, chikhalidwe cha a US ku America chikugwirizana ndi zolinga za chuma cha America. Chotsatira chake, moyo wa munthu unakhazikitsidwa, momwe adatayira zinthu zake za uzimu, atasungunuka kwathunthu mu dziko lapansi, ndikukhala kokha mu makina osaneneka a zachuma.

Banja lachimereka la America

Kodi mwachizoloŵezi chotani ndi chitsanzo cha banja la America, motero mwakhama mwakhazikitsidwa ndi American cinema? Uyu ndi bambo wa bizinesi yemwe amagwira ntchito mu gulu lolimba, mayi wamasiye yemwe amakonza chakudya chokwanira kwa anansi ake Loweruka ndikupanga masangweji kwa ana ake awiri kusukulu. Iwo ali ndi nyumba yayikulu komanso yokongola yamanyumba iwiri, galu ndi dziwe kumbuyo kwake. Komanso galasi lalikulu, chifukwa aliyense m'banja lake ali ndi galimoto yake. Koma ichi ndi chithunzi chokongola kwambiri, chomwe chimachitidwa mosamala ndi owonetsa amitundu ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, komanso ndi mayiko okha. Choncho, anthu ochepa chabe amakhala ndi moyo. Gawo lalikulu la Achimereka silingakwanitse kugula zakudya zathanzi, choncho amadyetsa chakudya chamadzulo chapamwamba, chifukwa chake America imakhala yoyamba padziko lapansi potsata chiwerengero cha anthu omwe ali ochepa kwambiri. Vutoli limalimbikitsidwanso ndi mfundo yakuti moyo wa munthu wamakono ku America ndi wovuta kwambiri.

Ena amakhala ndi ntchito yokhala pansi, kenako amathera nthawi yopuma kapena kutsogolo kwa TV kunyumba pabedi. Zina zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri - kufunafuna kukongola kwangwiro. Chifukwa chake, ku America, malonda okongoletsera amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndipo amalimbikitsa chithunzi cha mkazi wokongola kuchokera m'magazini a glossy magazine. Zonsezi zimapangidwira kuti amayi azithira ndalama zochuluka kuti akwaniritse miyezo iyi kuyambira wamng'ono mpaka wamkulu.

Iyenso ndi US yomwe inayambitsa luso lamakono mu malonda a zosangalatsa. Nthawi zonse mumatuluka zipangizo zatsopano, zomwe zimakhala zosangalatsa kwa achinyamata. Potsata zolemba zapamwamba m'madera onse, zikhale magalimoto, makompyuta, osewera, mafoni a m'manja, zovala, nsapato, zipangizo ndi zida zina zamakono, njira ya moyo wa achinyamata a ku America amapangidwa. Machitidwewa apangidwa m'njira yoti chirichonse chikhale chosafulumira mwamsanga. Kuti zinthu zizikuyenderani bwino, zapamwamba komanso zotchuka, muyenera kupeza zonse zatsopano nthawi zonse. Monga tanenera kale, kupita patsogolo siimaima. Ndipo tsopano umunthu umayamba kuwona zipatso za zopanda pake zopanda malire, koma, mwatsoka, dongosolo silikusamala.