Mfundo zosangalatsa kwambiri za bowa. Chidwi bowa dziko

Mmodzi wa odabwitsa kwambiri kwa zinthu zamoyo padziko lapansi bowa. Asayansi poyamba zimachitika kwa zomera, ndi chifukwa cha ichi, mycology - kuphunzira bowa - nthawi yaitali anali gawo la zomera gawo, osati zamoyo. Tsopano anapeza kuti bowa akodwa pakati pa zomera ndi nyama, ndipo ofufuza lero pafupifupi 100 zikwi mitundu.

Kodi bowa?

Pa maphunziro ophunzira za bowa ndi zambiri Iwo amanena kuti iwo zigwirizana wa dziko gawo - thupi zipatso, ndi mobisa - mycelium kapena mosiyana mycelium, amene propagates m'nthaka kapena gawo lapansi zina mwa mawonekedwe a woonda kwambiri, basi microns ochepa wandiweyani filaments pautinchatyh. Aliyense wa chingwe, chimene mycelium ndi ambiri, otchedwa hyphae.

Fruiting za thupi moyo kwa masiku khumi, ndipo pali mycelium makumi ndi mazana a zaka, kupirira chilala chachikulu kapena chisanu chaukali.

Zambiri hyphae panthawi ina kupita mipira, amene pang'onopang'ono kuonjezera, ndi maselo awo motsatizana, kupanga achinyamata zipatso thupi (chimene ife timachitcha bowa), amene akuswa kudzera gawo lapansi ndi limakula. Mfundo imeneyi tikhoza kutama iwo ndi kusonkhanitsa mtanga.

Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, ndi bowa mu njira zina ndi tinganene kuti padziko zamoyo padziko lapansili. Mu North America Mwachitsanzo, pali yaikulu zimaswana mazana mahekitala. Ndipo kulemera ndi wamkulu kuposa kulemera kwa zinsomba asanu!

Pa kubalana wa bowa

Zosangalatsa za bowa akhoza anasonkhana ku mbali ya kubereka awo. bowa thupi, yomwe ife tiri okondwa kwambiri kudyedwa - si thupi la kuswana wake, amene amwazamwaza ndi spores kuti amalola kukhala mycelium latsopano.

Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, ngakhale malo angazindikire spores mafangasi kutenga nyemba mpweya ichi.

bowa Traditional, monga bowa, kutaya Mwachitsanzo, pafupifupi 40 miliyoni spores, ndi bowa-kachilomboka - 100 miliyoni. Koma wakhama kwambiri Mwanjira imeneyi, ndi bowa-slicker amene ali oposa zankhaninkhani, 7 spores ali wokonzeka kawetedwe. Komanso, iwo panamveka ku makina liwiro - 90 Km / h, ndi kufalitsa pa malo kuposa 2 m.

Zinamera, zofewa kupanga bowa kapu thupi kupyoza osati nthaka komanso phula, konkire, nsangalabwi kapena chitsulo. Ndipo pamene izo sizingakhoze kukula, chotchinga pang'onopang'ono wawononga mycelium.

Bowa angalenge nokha nyengo

Ine ndikuyesera kumakuuzani zonse za bowa ndi, osanenapo chakuti zolengedwa zimenezi zingathe kusintha nyengo okha. Pambuyo padziko gawo ambiri chimafikira bowa spores chabe, i.e., amasuntha ndi mtsinje mpweya. Ngati palibe mphepo akubwera mtheradi, bowa amenewa monga shiitake kapena oyisitara, akatswiri anapeza, kutulutsa nthunzi, kuwomba kayendedwe mpweya mu mawonekedwe a mafunde convection ndi amasamukira wina spores mtunda.

Zikhulupiriro zokhudza bowa

Kaya analankhula sayansi ya bowa, koma munthu kwa nthawi yaitali nawo kumafuna kwambiri zikhulupiriro ndi miyambo. Mwachitsanzo, kutola bowa, inu simungakhoze kuyankhula mokweza kapena kulumbira, kapena iwo kubisa. A mbewu yaikulu bowa - chenjezo lomvetsa masoka m'tsogolo.

Mkazi, amene anaona bowa loto tingayembekezere Kuwonjezera banja, ndi munthu - kusamalira thanzi lawo ndi kukhala kusankha timakhala ake ndi madona.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ena bowa, kumera kupanga mabwalo wangwiro. Mu Netherlands, Germany, bowa si anasonkhana, chifukwa izi "maphwando a mphete" amaonedwa kukhala malo enchanted, ndi Scotland - malo kusonyeza m'manda enchanted chuma.

Padera pa bowa woyera

Ponena za bowa, bowa woyera sangaunyalanyaze. Wake ku Russia akhala kale ndi chakudya chokoma ndi mfumu pakati pa mtundu wake. Ngati mulibe n'komwe kukoma kwake ndi fungo, zomwe, poyamba, ali anapitiriza ngakhale pambuyo kuyanika, komabe likukhalira kuti woyera bowa - mphatso zodabwitsa za chilengedwe.

Iwo anapeza mankhwala akupha tubercle Bacillus, ndi wothandizila antineoplastic. Anthu ndi magazi m'thupi, komanso matenda yotupa, bowa woyera ndi wofunika kwambiri. Ndipo pambali, iye anawakalipira lipole, normalizes chithokomiro ntchito, bwino chikhalidwe cha misomaliyo, tsitsi ndi khungu, komanso kumathandiza thupi achire matenda. Musati bowa ndi mankhwala lonse!

Za mawonekedwe a bowa

Tingadziwe kwambiri za bowa. White bowa, boletus, boletus ndi zinthu zina "chete kukasaka" - zoona, osati onse a ufumu bowa.

Pali nkhalango zathu ndi zambiri bowa, ndi akalumikidzidwa chodabwitsa ndi mitundu. Mwachitsanzo, bowa-rogatik kukhala wowala mtundu lalanje ndi matanthwe, ngati nthambi kapena clathrus ruber, kucha woyera, dzira-ngati, ndipo amapeza thupi kenako kupanga ofiira owala trellis mpira.

Mwa njira, bowa uyu wa bowa-mitundu. bowa ndi ambiri makamaka nkhalango zotentha. Pali pali zolengedwa wapadera mwamtheradi chokhala Mwachitsanzo, galasi, ngati bowa ku India, kapena wofiira, onyamula tentacles bowa ndi Java. Ndipo chodabwitsa kwambiri tikhoza kuganiza diktiafor campanulate bowa kukula mu nkhalango America South. Iye amalima mpaka maola awiri okha kenako chitaya kunja kuchokera pansi pa kapu openwork wake woyera chophimbacho unakhala ndi moyera-mwendo ndi madzulo glows Kamaoneka lachinsinsi mtundu. m'deralo, mwa zina, icho "Lady pansi chotchinga."

Amazing bowa dziko "magazi dzino" ndi "dothi asterisk"

Kumvetsa mmene zachilendo zamoyo izi wamoyo, ife pofotokoza chidwi kwambiri bowa dziko.

Hydnellum Peck kapena "magazi dzino". bowa lodabwitsali Tingaone m'nkhalango coniferous wa Ulaya ndipo kumpoto chakumadzulo gombe la Pacific Ocean. Bright wofiira madzi, amene anatchula, ndi kwenikweni zikuwoneka ngati dontho la magazi. Komanso, ali ndi kulawa zowawa kwambiri, ndipo izi mantha zinyama ndi anthu.

"Zoumbidwa Ndi Dothi asterisk". bowa Izi ankaona kuti slicker, amene amakhala M'madera a zitunda zonse za mdziko. Ogwira ndi mphamvu kusintha maonekedwe awo, nkomwe anaonekera kuchokera mu nthaka. Kunyezimira kwa "nyenyezi" ndi pang'onopang'ono wopindidwa kunsi ndi ozungulira zipatso thupi kukwezedwa ndi "mphukira" spores mu mlengalenga. Amwenye amakhulupirira kuti bowa amatha kulosera zochitika lakumwamba m'tsogolo.

Zosangalatsa za bowa ezhovike ndi Plasmodium

chidwi kwambiri Hericium erinaceus, zomwe sizimawoneka ngati bowa chikhalidwe. M'malo mwake, akufanana Seaweed, amene mwanjira ina anaonekera pa mtengo, kumene poyamba amakonda kukula ezhovik. Sanakonzekere, bowa ndi chokoma, koma Komanso, amatha magazi shuga mlingo wa munthu kuchepetsa ndi amatha kuteteza thupi ndi zotsatira poizoni.

Poganizira plasmodium angaphunzire ndipo ngakhale zina zosangalatsa. Za bowa akhoza kuganiza kuti iwo akhoza kusuntha, ndipo zikuoneka, ndipo izi zikhoza kuchita. Plasmodium, ndithudi, osati wothamanga, koma masiku ochepa akhoza kukwera kwa otchuka pakati chitsa cha. Fyuu! Iwo amayenda, kapena m'malo ipitirirabe zodabwitsa zachilengedwe mu zoni pakati Russia ndi wachitatu limaoneka lofanana kwambiri modabwitsa a.

Yowala ndi yachangu-kukula bowa

Izo zikuwoneka attractively kwambiri chokongoletsedwa ndi mikwingwirima yowala Trametes versicolor - lingaliro lofala wa dziko bowa, amene amakhala makamaka makungwa a mitengo akufa. Asayansi apeza kuti thunthu la bowa izi boosts chitetezo chokwanira ndipo akanakhoza kukhala lothandiza kwambiri pa matenda a khansa, ndi mankhwala Chinese izo ntchito kwa zaka zambiri.

Ndipo apa chidwi china za bowa: mwa njira, Zamoyo zimenezi akhoza sunbathe. Iwo kupanga vitamini D, ndi mtundu zipewa zawo zambiri zimadalira dzuwa zingati pa malo awo.

The Guinness Book of Records kutchulidwa bowa-Veselka, lomwe ndi mphindi 2 limakula 1 cm Kuwonekera kuchokera mu nthaka, zikuwoneka ngati dzira grayish, tsiku lotsatira -. Ndi ambulera pa phesi zoonda, ndi tsiku lachitatu la gawo aboveground wa bowa ndi kusiyiratu.

Malo a bowa kumene iwo basi osati moyo!

Bowa ndi chodabwitsa ndi chakuti iwo akhoza kukhala mu mavuto osayembekezeka. Amasangalala mkati zolengedwa zoyamwitsa, ndipo m'mwamba, pamalo okwera za 30 Km. Ofufuza ndi mfundo zina zosangalatsa ndi za bowa: zikuchitika kupirira mitundu yonse kukhudzana ndi khateyo ngakhale mu chidulo sulfuric.

Ndipo mu 2002 ku Chernobyl mphamvu za nyukiliya chomera mu riyakitala kuwonongedwa, asayansi anatulukira bowa kuti cheza anafunika kukula komanso kuwala kwa zomera. Kapangidwe ka zinthu zodabwitsa izi zikuphatikizapo ndalama zosaneneka za melanin, chinthu chomwecho oteteza khungu ku cheza ultraviolet.

Chidwi za bowa - ogwirira

Palinso bowa zolusa, preying tizilombo yaing'ono. Ali ndi yomata kumanga-kapena zipangizo zina kusaka. Mwachitsanzo, bowa akhoza kutaya spores amene adzakhulupirika kwa thupi la njirayo ndi kuyamba kukula mu izo. Woberedwa, ndithudi, afa.

Ndi mitundu yonse ya bowa Cordyceps lopsided koma sakanakhoza kuchilingalira. Iye, poyamba, mwina ngakhale atembenuze tizilombo mu Zombies. Monga amachita izi, asayansi sindikudziwa, koma Nyerere, m'dongosolo kupuma omwe spores wa bowa kugunda, "momvera" amapita ku malo imene chitukuko winanso wa tiziromboti ankakhala izo. Nyerere wapeza mbewu zimenezi ndipo anatengedwa pa izo ndi pepala ndi kutentha abwino ndi chinyezi kenako uyo mu izo ku mbali kumbuyo kwa pepalalo. bowa chipha nyerere, germinating mmenemo, ndi kuthawa mwa kumbuyo kwa mutu, amaponyera spores latsopano wakupha.

Bowa kuthandiza kuyeretsa dziko

Ife tikudziwa za bowa chakupha, bowa cha adani a, bowa, tizilombo, koma tiyenera kukumbukira kuti angapereke kwambiri thandizo ndi luso chodabwitsa kukhala kumene zamoyo zina akuphedwa.

Choncho, maulendowa ku University Yale anapeza m'nkhalango za Ecuador, mtundu watsopano wa bowa (Pestalotiopsis microspora). Tizilombo timeneti kudya polyurethane, ndi kuchita izo popanda oxygen. Limalonjeza chiyembekezo tsogolo la ndiyotani pakuchotsa zakuthupi kuti si zayamba oipa kwambiri kuipitsa dziko.

Mu bowa kugonana!

Kumene, sayansi kuti ndimadziwa zonse za bowa. Uliwonse tsopano ndiyeno ofufuza za kutulukira zinthu mu mycology. Mwachitsanzo, asayansi apeza losokonekera kuti ali ndi udindo kwa bowa a mkazi kapena mwamuna. Iye, poyamba, ali mbali yochepa DNA tofanana kugonana DNA anthu.

Bowa zinapezeka kuti chitsanzo yabwino kwambiri kuphunzira kusiyana kugonana pa mlingo chibadwa.

Bowa ali wamkulu kuposa zinyamazi ndi

Mu mycologists zomwe chodabwitsa kwathunthu za bowa: monga kunapezeka, iwo padziko la pansi zaka 400 miliyoni zapitazo! Iwo likukhalira kuti iwo ndi achikulire zinyamazi. Ndi anthu ambiri wakale wa dzikoli, amene anakhala pamodzi ndi Mumapezekanso chimphona ndi mosiyana otsiriza, musati kuwaza ndi kusintha kusintha, kusunga maonekedwe ake masiku ano.

Ndipo ife, zikuoneka, kuphunzira za iwo zambiri zosangalatsa mfundo. Za bowa kutali pang'ono kwambiri amadziwika, koma zikuonekeratu kuti zomera zimenezi ndi kuphunzira kwambiri zambiri ndi mosamala.