Perm Krai anthu: miyambo, chikhalidwe ndi ethnography

M'mbiri yonse ya dera Perm zinali multiethnic. Lero kunyumba kwa magulu 125 yosiyanasiyana. anthu zimene anthu Perm? Mmodzi wa iwo ndi ameneŵa dera?

Perm

Kudzera m'dera la malire pa Ulaya ndi Asia. A lalikulu lili m'mphepete kum'mawa kwa gawo European la Russia. Mu kumpoto malire ndi Republic of Komi, Bashkortostan - kum'mwera, Sverdlovsk dera - kum'mawa ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo ndi dera Kirov.

maphunziro amakono - Perm - unakhazikitsidwa mu 2005 pambuyo kugwirizana kwa dera Perm ndi Komi-Perm Autonomous District. Waukulu likulu mzinda wa Perm. Dera la dera anali wokhalamo anthu mwamsanga nyengo Paleolithic. Yogwira chitukuko cha Russian anayamba pafupifupi m'zaka XVI ndi itakula m'zaka XVII, Atapeza mkuwa ndi golide.

Anthu a dera Perm ndi miyambo yawo ndi yosiyanasiyana. M'dera la makilomita lalikulu 160, anthu pafupifupi 125 ochokera m'mayiko. Chiwerengero cha anthu - anthu 2.6 miliyoni. The m'tawuni chimaposa pa mudzi, ndi 75%.

anthu zimene anthu Perm?

mitundu ina yambiri ndi anthu okhala m'derali. Awa, oyambirira, lodalirika am'derali zokha. Zilankhulo za anthu a m'dera Perm achuluka. Mkati zamakolo mafuko anawagawa Finno-Ugric, Chisilavo (Russian), Turkic.

Chiwerengero chachikulu ukufanizidwa ndi Russian (2.1 miliyoni). Ndime zotsatirazi numerically Chitata (115 zikwi.) Komi Permiaks (80 TH.), Bashkirs (30 TH.), Udmurts (20 TH.) Ndipo Chiyukireniya (16 TH.). anthu oposa zikwi zinayi ndi Belarusians, Germany, Chuvash ndi Mari. mitundu ina Perm m'mphepete anapereka ochepa. Pakati pawo Armenia, Azerbaijanis, Turkey, Ingush, Komi-yazvintsy, Mordvinians, Majipise, Moldavians, Mansi, Korea, Chinese, Georgia, Chechens ndi ena.

The anthu ameneŵa Perm m'mphepete akupereka magulu atatu lalikulu Finno-Ugric, Turk ndi Asilavo. Mu nthawi ya ku XV kuti XVI atumwi ku malire chapamwamba za Kama anaika makolo wa Komi-Perm. Kum'mwera kwa dera anali anthu a Bashkirs ndi Chitata. Pa gawo chili Udmurt, Mansi ndi Mari. anthu Russian wabwera kuno m'zaka XVI, posakhalitsa anakhala osakhala.

Mari

Dzina la anthu a m'dera Perm angakhale osiyana zinenero zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo ankatchedwa Mari Mara yokha kapena Mare. mtundu uwu wa Finno-Ugric fuko. Iwo anayikidwa mu malo pakati pa Volga ndi Vetluga. Ambiri a iwo amakhala mu Russian Republic of Mari El, komanso m'dera Volga ndi Urals.

Anthropological maziko ali suburalskomu mtundu, ndi mbali yapadera kwambiri a mtundu Mongoloid. Mtundu unakhazikitsidwa kumbuyo mu chikwi. N. e. chikhalidwe chawo ndi moyo ali ambiri ofanana ndi Chuvash. anthu imakhala magulu anayi mafuko a m'chigawo moyo makamaka Kungurskye Mari.

Gawo la anthu analandira Orthodoxy, ngakhale chikhulupiriro ndicho chipembedzo cha makolo. Pankhaniyi, ndi otchuka nthano, pamodzi ndi mmodzi. Mari chikunja zachokera kulambira mphamvu za chilengedwe, pemphero limene chikuchitika mu mithunzi yopatulika (ku mwambo yomanga coude).

zovala Folk anapereka shati, mkanjo, nsalu, thalauza ndi caftan, atavala lamba pamwamba kapena thaulo. Women ankavala zodzikongoletsera zopangidwa ndalama, zipolopolo, mikanda. Chipewa ndi chopukutira, Hu - Sharpan, makumi anayi kapena conical kapu. Amuna ankavala zipewa ndi brims.

Udmurt

Autochthonous anthu a Kama ndi Urals - Udmurtia. Adzaupereka kwa Finno-Ugric anthu, komanso ena anthu ena a Perm Krai. Chifupi naye ndi Komi-Permyak ndi Komi anthu, ngakhale moyo ndi chikhalidwe kwambiri ndi miyambo Russian ndi Chitata. Koma ambiri ali Orthodox Akristu, koma pali zinthu zikhulupiriro wowerengeka zinasungidwa m'midzi.

Udmurt kale chinkhoswe mu ulimi (chimanga ndi mbatata) ndi ng'ombe kuswana nyama komanso kukafufuza, njuchi ndi nsomba. Iwo ankakhala m'dera wapafupi komwe mabanja ambiri ankakhala m'dera lomwelo. Chinkhoswe mu nsalu, kuluka, mitengo, kuluka ndi kupota.

Mwambo zomangamanga (Kuala) kwa pemphero, monga Mari, mu nkhalango. Nyumbayi inali ng'anjo ndi kukatentha inaimitsidwa, bunks zogonapo ndi ngodya chofiira (tebulo ndi mpando) kuti mutu wa banja. zovala akazi inkakhala shati, odula, nakonza ndi veleveti nsalu yapamtima ndi m'chiuno. Iwo kudzikongoletsa ndalama, mphete, mikanda. Amuna anavala buluu ndi zoyera milozo mathalauza, mabulawuzi, zipewa felted.

Komi-Permyak

anthu amene amadzitcha okha oimira Komi Komi Mort kapena kupukuta. Anakakhala makamaka ku dera la zakale Permian Komi District. Adzaupereka kwa gulu Finno-Ugric. Language ndi miyambo ndi kufanana kwambiri Komi anthu. Literature m'chilankhulo cha anthu pafupifupi palibe.

Ntchito yaikulu ya Komi-Perm anali zaulimi, ulimi nyama, nyama, nsomba, kuluka, mbiya, sangathenso. Panopa, ndi nkhuni processing ndi ulimi. Ngati mitundu yambiri ya m'dera Perm ndi Komi-Permian anali achikunja, koma ambiri anasamutsidwa kuti Chikhristu. Amene akuyesera kutsitsimutsa zikhulupiriro wowerengeka.

zovala Traditional poyamba buluu ndi wakuda mitundu ina panali mitundu ina, ndi pa malaya Add Chithunzi "selo". chovala akazi inkakhala ndi malaya malaya, imene anali ankavala sundress. Nthawi zina sundress ankavala thewera. Zipewa - corbel zitsime zosambiramo, kuphatikizaponso chokongoletsedwa ndi nsalu ndi zodzikongoletsera. Amuna anavala malaya malaya yopeta, belted lamba wa pamimba ndi kabudula. Pa mapazi ake amphaka pogaleshki ndi nsapato.

Muncie

Mtundu amatanthauza Mansi Ugric anthu. Mu Russia, oimira anthu pang'ono. Chiwerengero chachikulu amakhala ndi Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. Komabe Mansi ndi anthu ameneŵa m'dera Perm. M'dera pali anthu ochepa (mpaka 40), tikukhala mu Vishera Reserve.

Tsankho gulu mbadwa za chinenero Mansi chokhudzana ndi gulu ob-Ugric. Zachikhalidwe, ambiri pafupi ndi Mansi ndi Khanty Hungarians. Zikhulupiriro, pamodzi ndi ziphunzitso anasunga wowerengeka nthano ndi kukhulupirira mizimu. Muncie amakhulupirira mizimu mtetezi.

Mwa ntchito za makolo - mphalapala wawo amadalira kuweta nsomba, kusaka nyama ulimi ndi ulimi nyama. Nyumba yomangidwa nyengo. Zima nyama ankakhala nyumba kwake ndi mtundu Russian yotentha m'mahema a mawonekedwe conical zopangidwa birch khungwa. Open moto yamitengo anatumikira monga Kutentha ndi gwero kuwala. Mbali khalidwe la Mansi anali kuti iwo sanagwiritse ntchito bowa, kuphatikizapo kwawo ku mizimu yoipa.

suti Female ankaimira kugwedezeka mkanjo kapena nsalu bafuta ndi kavalidwe. Ine kuvala mpango ndi zambiri zodzikongoletsera. Amuna akhali malaya ndi kabudula; zovala Kawirikawiri ndi nyumba nsalu.

Chitata

Chitata ali anthu Turkic. Ndipo inafalitsidwa pa dera la Russia (nambala wachiwiri wa anthu). Iwo amakhala m'chigawo Kama, Urals, dera Volga, Far East ndi Siberia. M'dera Perm Chitata alipo pafupifupi m'madera a.

chinenero cha Chitata chili m'gulu la banja Altaic. Anthu ambiri ali ndi Sunni Muslim, ngakhale pali Orthodox Akhristu ndipo kulibe Mulungu. The Kama Chitata anagwira ntchito limodzi ndi Bashkirs, amene zinachititsa kuti chikoka mwagwirizana pa aliyense zikhalidwe zina.

zovala National ndi osiyana mu Chitata yosiyanasiyana. Mbali yaikulu ya zovala wamkazi - yaitali malaya-kavalidwe thalauza. Top anaikidwa pa nsalu yapamtima yopeta, ndi chobvala yosachedwa outerwear. Pa mutu kuvala nduwira, mpango kapena chipewa kalfak. Amuna anavala mwake chipewa pa skullcaps. Zodzikongoletsera kwa akazi anapangidwa kuchokera zitsulo.

Bashkirs

gulu lina la anthu a Turkic - izo Bashkirs. Chiwerengero chachikulu amakhala ku Republic of Bashkortostan. The chinenero fuko ndi Bashkir. Ngati Chitata, adzaupereka kwa banja Altaic. Oimira anthu - Asilamu ndi Sunni.

Bashkirs ali pafupi Turkic anthu, ngakhale iwonso nawo ethnogenesis wa Iranians ndi Finno-Ugric anthu. Anthu anatsogolera moyo theka-woyendayendawu, kuchita ulimi nyama. Pa nthawi yomweyo iye ankachita nawo nsomba, kusaka nyama apiculture, ulimi, kusonkhanitsa. Pakati zamanja anali kuluka, kupanga shawls ndi makalapeti. Bashkirs odziwa zodzikongoletsera kulipira.

zovala Folk adasoka nkhosa. Akazi ndi amuna anavala thalauza ndi sitepe lonse. Top kuvala chovala (osiyana amai ndi abambo). Ankavala mkanjo polukaftan, kamzul. Pakali pano kwambiri zovala, nsalu applique. Mipango ranged ku chipewa, matawulo ndi zisoti-ushanok. Zonse Pantchito molemera nsalu. Amuna anavala skullcap, ndipo anamva zipewa.

Pomaliza

Anthu a dera Perm ndi miyambo yawo ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi mzake. Dera wakhala yodziwika multiethnic ogwirizana mtundu mwa gawo ake silinkachitidwa. Poyamba, mafuko ena anali mosalekeza kuchokera kumalo osiyanasiyana pofunafuna zinthu zabwino kwambiri kwa moyo.

M'zaka za m'ma XV, mafuko angapo anakakhala ku dera Perm, amene makolo anapanga maiko a dera Perm. Culture ndi ethnography anthu amenewa sanali kukhala kwayekha, koma matanthauzo kumamukopa mzake. Mwachitsanzo, Udmurt tinatengera mikhalidwe chikhalidwe Chitata motsutsa Chitata, nayenso, motsogoleredwa ndi Bashkirs.

Amathandiza kwambiri pa chikhalidwe cha anthu anali Russian amene ali kale m'zaka za m'ma XVII zambiri zinkachitika mu manambala. Tsopano zovala chikhalidwe ndi moyo kuthandiza ofooka. Makamaka, nthumwi mafumu uyenera kuvomerezeka mu chipembedzo, ngakhale ambiri christianised. Wamba kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chachiwiri, monga choyamba - Russian.