Chile nitrate: chilinganizo ndi katundu. Chemical chilinganizo nitrate

zipangizo Akatswiri ofufuza akhoza kutsegula njira zatsopano za iwo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kwambiri kukuza ntchito yaikulu. Mwachitsanzo, mu ulimi pali mazana a feteleza zosiyana zimene zingathandize zomera mbewu zomera zikule ndi fruiting. mmodzi wa awa chabe ndi nitrate Chile, amene linatsegulidwa m'zaka XVIII.

maudindo ofanana

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti chinthu chimodzi nthawi zina yodziwika ndi mndandanda wonse wa mayina osiyanasiyana. Ndithudi anthu ena kunyumba, pamene ena anachokera ku madipoziti, magwero a wachitatu zomveka mankhwala nomenclature mankhwala.

Izi n'zimene zinachitikira nkhani. Chile nitrate ali ofanana matanthauzo zotsatirazi dzina la:

• ndi sodium nitrate;
• ndi sodium nitrate;
• koloko nitrate;
• ndi sodium nitrate;
• nitronatrit.

Aliyense wa iwo akuganizira mfundo iliyonse pa nkhani imeneyi. Mwachitsanzo, nitrate sodium, zikuchokera anati pawiri, choncho limasonyeza kodi mankhwala chilinganizo nitrate. Mfundo zofanana kutipatsa ena ofanana matanthauzo ena. Mawu "Chile" momveka bwino magwero waukulu wa gawo lino mchere.

Chemical chilinganizo nitrate

The elemental zikuchokera nkhani yodziwika ndi zigawo izi: a atomu sodium, wina asafe atomu ndipo maatomu mpweya atatu. Choncho, tinganene kuti mankhwala mawonedwe lidzaonekera nitrate Chile. Ndondomeko ulembedwa monga nano _3. Chiwerengero cha zikuchokera Mkhalidwe adzalamulira motere: 26/16/58% motero.

Crystal Kapangidwe ka latisi maselo a nitrate ndi sodium ndi trigonal rhombohedrons. Maatomu mpweya sitingalephere m'magulumagulu kuzungulira asafe chapakati, nawasunga pafupifupi kumalo ozizira ankachita covalent. Choncho aumbike limodzi ion NO ₃ ^- wotchedwa ndi zotsalira acidic. Choncho mu dera lakunja ndithu mlandu ndi sodium cation Na ^+. Choncho, pakati pa particles oppositely mlandu, wamphamvu electrostatic kukopa. Chifukwa cha kupanga ubwenzi amaayoni.

Crystal mtundu uli wofanana ndi wa feldspar (calcite). Choncho, ngati dongosolo sikuti nitrate Chile. Mankhwala chilinganizo akuimira mitundu iwiri basi kumangidwa mankhwala molekyulu ndi:

• covalent kumalo ozizira;
• ion.

Komanso akuonekera bwino kuti kumangidwa atomiki mu molekyulu, kotero mosavuta mfundo kuwerengera valency ndi boma makutidwe ndi okosijeni monga maatomu ndi ayoni.

The gulu la mankhwala

Mwa mankhwala zochita kupanga pali zosiyanasiyana kwambiri. Choncho, onse a iwo akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu molingana ndi kuonetsa katundu ndi makhalidwe a kapangidwe dongosolo maselo.

Nazonso ndi nitrate Chile. Chilinganizo nano ₃ amasonyeza kuti pawiri - lililonse nitric asidi mchere. Sodium, chomwe ndi cation soda zitsulo ndi zotsalira acidic mmodzi wa wothandizira amphamvu kwambiri oxidizing.

Choncho tikhoza mwapadera kudziwa limene limafotokoza Chile nitrate - kalasi ya zochita kupanga salt sing'anga.

thupi katundu

Malinga ndi magawo a thunthu mu funso akhoza anafotokoza motere.

1. Colorless, nthawi zina chikasu kapena utoto kulocha imvi crystalline olimba.
2. makhiristo zigwirizana yaitali, singano ngati dongosolo.
3. Odorless.
4. Kukoma zosasangalatsa, zambiri mchere zinthu.
5. Limatsogolera kutentha ndi 308 ^C.
6. Pamene usavutike pa 380 ^{° C,} ndiye, ngati ndi ku feteleza onse, Chile nitrate linawola kupanga zitsulo nitrite ndi oxygen.
7. madzi amasungunula bwino (pa 100 ^C magalamu 176 a mchere, pa ⁰ ° C pafupifupi 77 magalamu).
8. Komanso amasungunula mokwanira bwino ammonia ndi hydrazine, ndi zosungunulira wopanda feteleza monga Mowa, methanol kapena pyridine solubility amachepetsa yokhudza ufiti.
9. Pa mankhwala ena wayamba kuphulika, koma ntchito nitrate ngati zovuta chifukwa cha zabwino kwambiri hygroscopic.

Poona chizindikiro otsiriza, sodium nitrate kusungidwa mu matumba mwamphamvu losindikizidwa pulasitiki, musati kuyamwa chinyontho. Ndi zotheka kupeza nitrate mu mitsuko mdima galasi ndi sankafuna pansi. The chikhalidwe chachikulu - mpanda ku kuwala kwambiri, kutentha. Ngati zinthu zonse zimapezeka, thunthu akuzisunga crispness ndi dryness, makhiristo ang'ono.

katundu mankhwala

Monga taona kale, Chile nitrate - gulu la mankhwala zochita kupanga, amatchedwa salt. katundu mankhwala kudzayesedwa mbali imeneyi.

1. luso akusonyeza zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni wa zimavuta ndi nonmetals (sulfure, mpweya). Zochita kukayesedwa ndi Kutentha kusakaniza.
2. Izo linawola pa kutentha pamwamba 380 ° ^C.
3. Amachitira mtundu kuwombola ndi michere ina zitsulo, ngati anaona ulamuliro Berthollet zimene (chomwenso ndi mpweya kapena precipitate anapanga malodissotsiiruemoe chinthu).

Kuti katundu mankhwala kwakukulukulu kufotokoza mbali ya ntchito nitrate ndi sodium.

Kukonzekera Makampani

Pali njira zingapo, zimene zingawachititse mapangidwe nitrate ndi sodium.

1. mogwirizana mwachindunji ndi sodium soda zitsulo ndi oxidant (nitric acid). Chifukwa ndi M'MALO anachita, nitrate anapanga ndi allocated asafe gasi, oxides asafe, II ndi ine, madzi.
2. Chisoni pakati okusayidi ndi soda ndi asidi nitric. Iwo analandira ndi sodium nitrate ndi madzi.
3. Mogwirizana kwa koloko kapena hydroxide ndi sodium ndi oxides asafe ndi ine II (a chisakanizo cha mafuta nitrous amadziwika).
4. Mogwirizana kuwombola pakati kashiamu nitrate ndi sulphate ndi sodium. Chifukwa ndi bwino sungunuka precipitate kashiamu sulphate ndi nitrate njira.
5. njira ina zasayansi - zimene pakati pa nitrate ammonium ndi soda kapena soda.
6. Ntchito njira zasayansi - mogwirizana kuwombola pakati limagwirira wa nitrate siliva (ambiri lapis) ndi ochiritsira thanthwe mchere, i.e. sodium kolorayidi.
7. Industrial njira kapena njira ntchito ya migodi - ndi leaching ndi wotsatira crystallization ku madipoziti, imene imachitika mu njira yopatsirana.

Monga lero - ndi njira zonse zomwe n'zotheka kupeza okwanira kuchuluka kwa nitrate ndi sodium.

Kupanga ndi munda

The madipoziti waukulu wa mankhwala mu funso:

• Chile;
• Kum'mwera Africa;
• California.

malo ena sali choncho wolemera zili pawiri lapansi. Kwambiri zikuluzikulu katundu malonda a zipangizo nthawi zonse chinkhoswe Chileans. Izi chifukwa mmodzi wa mayina a nitrate ndi sodium.

Chile nitrate ndiye gwero la asafe zomera, chifukwa ntchito zake m'dera chachikulu mbiri anakhazikitsa - ulimi, kumene amachita monga feteleza ndi.

ofunsira

Kwa nthawi yoyamba imeneyi zodabwitsa feteleza mankhwala anadziwika mu 1825. Komabe, pamene nitrate ali sanapezeke wogula nakhalabe kuiwalika. Patapita zaka zisanu, icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandiza chomera zakudya kwa nthawi yoyamba ndipo adazizwa zotsatira. Kuyambira pamenepo, kumwa feteleza walowa mu misa. Ndi 1870 linafika matani 150 zikwi pa chaka!

Lero, ulimi si malo okha omwe zofunika Chile nitrate. ntchito wakhala kwambiri kukodzedwa malire ake.

1. Monga usawonongeke nyama ndi nyama mankhwala makampani chakudya.
2. zipangizo za ulimi wa ufa wakuda ndi mabomba ena.
3. Zitsulo makampani.
4. Kupanga nyimbo yosungirako kutentha.
5. Mu kupanga galasi.
6. Kuti apange osakaniza saltpeter - refrigerant mchere chikhalidwe.
7. Chopopera.
8. The pyrotechnic mankhwala.

N'zoonekeratu kuti ntchito nitrate ndi sodium ndithu kwambiri. Komanso, nthawi yaitali wakhala pafupifupi ndiyekhayo kwa kaphatikizidwe wa asidi nitric. Lero, chifukwa cha ichi si ntchito, kuyambira asidi amapangidwa podzera njira zina kupanga.