Ammonium nitrate

Mankhwalawa ammonium nitrate, omwe amadziwika kuti NH4NO3, kwa nthawi yaitali amadziwika ndi akatswiri a zamagetsi, kuyambira 1659 adapezeka ndi IR Glauber. M'mabukuwa, dzina lina la chigawo ichi limadziwika: ammonium nitrate. Kunja, ammonium nitrate ndi woyera kristalo ndipamwamba kwambiri. Malo otentha a phulusa ndi 235 ° C, ndipo pa 169.6 ° C ammonium nitrate imayamba kusungunuka. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya crystalline, yomwe imakhudza kwambiri mankhwala, thupi ndi machitidwe ake.

Mwachitsanzo, kusiyana kumeneku kumaphatikizapo kuti kusintha kosiyana kwamakristali kumakhala ndi mtundu wosiyana. Zonsezi, pali zosintha zisanu zoterezi. Poyamba kusinthidwa, mawonekedwe a cubic ya crystal lattice ndi khalidwe , lachiwiri ndi lachisanu, la tetragonal, lachitatu ndi lachinai, mawonekedwe a rhombic. Pankhaniyi, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mgwirizano kuchokera ku kusintha kwasintha, kuwonjezeka kwapang'onopang'ono kwa voliyumu ya unit kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Malowa amachititsa kusiyana kwa mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwa IV kumadziwika ndi chiwerengero cha 1.725 g / cm3, malo osungunuka ali 139.4 ° C.

The solubility ya ammonium nitrate ndi: mu zana magalamu a madzi pa kutentha kwa 0 ° C 119 magalamu a zinthu kutha, pa kutentha kwa 25 ° C kale 212 magalamu kutha, ndipo pa 50 ° C - 346 magalamu a ammonium nitrate. Komanso, ammonium nitrate ikhoza kupasuka mu pyridine, methanol ndi mowa. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pamtengowo ndi chakuti pamene zotsatirazo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kapena ngati kutentha kwapitirira kuposa 270 ° C, ammonium nitrate akutha, kuchititsa kupweteka kwake.

Pothandizidwa ndi zizindikiro, n'zotheka kudziwa malo omwe amadziwika ndi acidic, omwe amapezeka ndi ammonium nitrate, hydrolysis ndi momwe amathandizira , momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito: NH4NO3 + H2O = NH4OH + HNO3. Ammonium nitrate imagwira ndi njira zamchere. Chifukwa cha zoterezi, ammonia imapangidwira, ndipo njira yowonongeka yokha imakhala ngati chikhalidwe cha ammonium nitrate.

Kawirikawiri, chinthucho chimapangidwa mwa kuchita neutralization zomwe zimachitika ndi 60% HNO3. Monga wothandizira, NH3 imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu gaseous state. Ndondomekoyi imapangitsa kutentha, komwe kumatumizidwa kuti imatuluke muyeso wa ammonium nitrate ndi kukonzekera kwa chinthucho mwa mawonekedwe a granules.

Ntchito yambiri ya ammonium nitrate inali mu ulimi, monga wamtengo wapatali nayitrogeni feteleza. Mgwirizanowu umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mabomba, ndipo monga reagent - monga zirconium zosungunulira mu mafuta zinthu, pa nthawi ya nyukiliya kuyambiranso ntchito. Mitundu ya tizilombo imayambitsa kuchuluka kwa kufunika kwa chinthucho, kotero kuti ulimiwu ukukula mosalekeza ndipo lero umatha kufika pa matani 20 miliyoni pachaka, pamene mankhwalawa amalowa mu nayitrogeni.

Ammonium nitrate ingapezeke mu labotale mosamala kwambiri ndi malamulo otetezeka. Pachifukwa ichi, chisakanizo cha kuchepetsa nitric acid ndi ammonia chimapangidwa mu ayezi osamba (aqueous ammonia solution). Kuchita zoterezi ndibwino kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito anthu osokoneza bongo, komanso kukhala kutali kwambiri ndi malo omwe mumakhala njira yothetsera vutoli. Zomwe zimachitikazo ndizokusanganikirana kwa asidi mu njira yothetsera ammonia ndi mayesero a periodic ndi chizindikiro (litmus test) kuti akwaniritse mchitidwe wosalowerera ndale. Mofananamo, kuyendetsa njira zomwe akuchitiranso kumatsimikiziridwa. Ngati sing'anga ya asidi yapitirira, gawo la zamchere limaphatikizidwa ku yankho, ndipo mofananamo.