Kapangidwe ka mchombo. Mitundu ndi zombo cholinga

Kuyendera ndi mitsinje ndi nyanja pa zombo mbiri wakhala kwa zaka zoposa zikwi zisanu. Pakali pano, molingana ndi terminology ambiri amavomereza, ndi seagoing chotengera - katundu, zonyamula kapena malonda lalikulu-kakulidwe watercraft chombo - asilikali. Ati a mitundu zombo , ndi zotengera kungakhale yaitali. The nyanja wotchuka - izo sailboats ndi ma yatchi, zombo zonyamula ndi zombo, maboti, mathanki ndi chochuluka zonyamulira. Zombo - ndi ndege onyamula, Nkhondo, cruisers, ofunkha ndi sitima zankhondo.

Kapangidwe ka sitimayo

Ziribe kanthu chomwe mtundu kapena Maphunziro simaphatikiza watercraft, ndi chibadidwe zinthu wamba structural. Mu malo oyamba, ndithudi, nyumba, umene superstructure zolinga zosiyanasiyana, mlongoti ndi cuttings. Chinthu chofunika ziwiya zonse ndi injini ndi injini ambiri, zomera mphamvu. Maboti moyo ndi zipangizo zofunika, kachitidwe, magetsi, piping ndi zipangizo za malo.

ziwiya chilikupita okonzeka ndi akadali ndi ngalawa.

Mphuno otchedwa kutsogolo chakudya - kumbuyo mapeto a nyumba ndi pamalo zake zam'mbali - mbali. Starboard pamene kusuntha amalinyero otchedwa starboard, anasiya - backboard.

Pansi kapena pansi ndi mmunsi mwa sitimayo, adzikometsa - yopingasa alipo. Kugwira kwa chombo - ichi ndi chipinda pansi, limene lili pakati pansi ndi pansi pa sitimayo. Tween otchedwa tweendeck.

Kamangidwe ka alumikizana ndi

Ngati ife kulankhula za m'chombo konse, ngati warship kapena chotengera wamba, thupi ndi madzi thupi streamlined mawonekedwe, dzenje mkati. The nyumba amapereka chotengera buoyant ndi maziko kapena nsanja imene yaikidwa zipangizo kapena zida malingana kopita kwa sitimayo.

mtundu chotengera ndipo amachititsa mawonekedwe a thupi, ndi kukula kwake.

The alumikizana imakhala amangokhala ndi khungu. Bulkheads ndi adzikometsa - zikhalidwe chibadidwe mitundu ina ya zipangizo.

Pomangira akhoza mtengo, kalelo, ndi lero, mapulasitiki ndi welded limodzi kapena riveted mbale zitsulo kapena analimbitsa simenti.

Pa mbali mkati kusunga mphamvu ndi mawonekedwe a alumikizana plating ndi sitimayo mothandizidwa ndi kuyika matabwa sankalimbana nafe cholukanalukana, matabwa kapena zitsulo, amene anakonza mu yopingasa malangizo ndi kotenga.

Malekezero a thupi nthawi zambiri umatha ndi matabwa wolimba: kumakhaliro - chimango mwamphamvu mphuno - tsinde. Malinga mtundu wa contours chotengera cha uta angakhale osiyana. Iwo kudziwa kuchepa kayendedwe kulimbikira chotengeracho, kupereka maneuverability ndi seaworthiness. M'madzi sitima mphuno kumachepetsa madzi kukana, choncho kumawonjezera liwiro sitimayo, ndi mafuta yafupika. Kuchangamutsa tsinde kwambiri linapendekeka kutsogolo, potero bwato zakukwawa padziko ayezi ndi kuwononga iye ndi kulemera kwake.

akonzedwa nyumba

The nyumba ya chotengera ayenera kukhala mgwirizano wolimba mu umodzi, kotenga ndi yopingasa malangizo anzanga madzi, mafunde mantha namondwe ndi magulu ena iliyonse yomwe kanthu.

M'madzi gawo la chombo kumva kuwawa. Choncho, pakati pa Anatipatsa muyezo anapereka waukulu kugwirizana kotenga kuti kumafuna khama, chifukwa chotengera buckling - ofukula chipsyepsye. Iye amayendetsera utali wonse wa thupi chikugwirizana ndi tsinde ndi chimango kumakhaliro, ndi kumanga umadalira pa mtundu chotengera.

Mu kufanana ndi muyezo wa therealong pansi ndi stringers, chiwerengero chawo zimadalira miyeso ya sitima amachepetsa kwa uta ndi kumbuyo, monga ang'onoang'ono m'lifupi pansi.

Kawirikawiri keels mbali zakonzedwa kuchepetsa chikoka pitching a mbali chombo, iwo asapitirire thupi miyeso ya m'lifupi ndipo ndi zomangamanga osiyana.

Ofukula zitsulo mapepala, ndipo amatchedwa simenti pansi, wokwera kudutsa nyumba ndi welded kuti muyezo ndipo kungakhale permeable ndi impermeable.

mbali ya akonzedwa pansi pa asilikali anapitiriza ndipo imakhala stringers (mipiringidzo kotenga) ndi mafelemu (yopingasa nthiti). Tsinde imatengedwa usilikali shipbuilding ziro chimango kuphatikana ndi chimango pafupifupi - midsection.
Sitimayo akonzedwa ndi dongosolo la intersecting kotenga ndi yopingasa matabwa - mitanda.

Chigoba cha sitimayo

chotengera chipolopolo imakhala kunja kwa pansi ndi mbali chipolopolo plating ndi sitimayo. Khungu kunja - ya malamba yopingasa kupatukana inakula m'njira zosiyanasiyana: vnakroy, mbuyo carvel, herringbone.

M'madzi gawo la chombo ayenera kukhala amphamvu kwambiri, kotero m'munsi (kutenga) khungu lamba akuthamanga mabacteria thicker wapakatikati. Mu makulidwe chomwecho ndi zone plating umatchedwa shirstrekom, Y ulemu mosalekeza sitimayo milimo.

Sitimayo kupanga tichipeza mapepala pazipita kutalika, amene anathandiza pa sitimayo akonzedwa yemweyo, ndipo zimasokoneza danga lamkati la pamwamba pa mchombo. mapepala The imakonzedwa pamodzi mbali yaitali chotengeracho. The makulidwe osachepera sitimayo zitsulo ndi 4 mm. Matabwa yazokonza pansi ungadzakhazikitsidwe ku matabwa.

Sitimayo - amaika chopereka, ndi yazokonza pansi.

sitimayo ngalawa

alumikizana kutalika kwa sitimayo lagawidwa adzikometsa angapo ndipo nsanja. Nsanja - ndi malo amene si utali wonse m'chombo, koma kudutsa partitions angapo.

Adzikometsa otchedwa ndi malo pansi chotengera, pakati komanso pamwamba. Malekezero a sitima (pa uta ndi kumbuyo) pansi m'munsi sitimayo ndi nsanja kuti amaonedwa kukhala pamwamba-pansi.

Chiwerengero cha adzikometsa ndi nsanja zimadalira kukula kwa chombo, cholinga chake ndi dongosolo.

Mtsinje ziwiya ndi kusakaniza ziwiya navigation ndi chachikulu kapena chapamwamba sitimayo. Zam'madzi, monga sitima galimotolo kukhala enieni - mwakwera chotengera adzikometsa atatu.

Large nyanja zonyamula zombo ndi sitimayo wapakatikati, kupatula munthu waukulu, kupanga tween.

Sitima chombo mwina adzikometsa kwambiri zazikulu. Mwachitsanzo, pa "Titanic" anali anai a iwo, chimene chinayamba utali wonse wa m'chombomo, nsanja ziwiri samafuna kapena mphuno kapena kumakhaliro, wina linasokonekera pa uta ndi imodzi inali chabe kutsogolo kwa sitimayo. Sitimayo zatsopano Royal Mfumukazi ali naintini adzikometsa.

sitimayo Upper, limatchedwanso waukulu, kapena chachikulu, kupirira mavuto pazipita pansi psinjika yopingasa ndi kotenga kupinda nyumba ya. Sitima ngalawayo nthawi zambiri ndi kuwuka pang'ono pakati pa uta ndi kumbuyo ndi lofufuma kwambiri mbali imodzi mu njira yopingasa, kukhala kosavuta kuti amapita m'mbali mwa madzi kothawira pa sitimayo unali wovuta.

topside

superstructures sitimayo - superstructures kapangidwe lili kutsidya m'lifupi chotengeracho. Iwo apanga buku chatsekedwa, amene ntchito ngati ofesi ndi malo zogona. Board anatchula superstructure, ndi makoma mbali adakali m'chombocho. Koma ambiri a danga pa sitimayo chapamwamba Kodi kumukhululukira m'mbali. Choncho, pali zingapo ochiritsira kugawikana pa yoyenera pokha-ins kuti ili kutalika mwachilungamo lalikulu chotengera, ndi kudula kwambiri superstructure, koma yochepa.

Popeza sitimayo chapamwamba chombo lagawidwa m'magawo, aliyense ndi dzina lakelake, dzina chomwecho anapatsidwa ndi kuwonjezera-ins, iwo ili: bin kapena kugwada, wokhwimitsa zinthu kapena Jutes ndi pafupifupi. Forecastle - tiweramitse superstructure - cholinga kuonjezera uta alumikizana ndi.

Thanki ungasunge mpaka 2/3 ya kutalika chotengeracho. Thanki elongated aikidwa pa ngalawa zonyamula cabins ndi zombo katundu - katundu tweendeck.
Mu aft superstructure - ndi poop kapena poop - pa zombo katundu kukonza malo ogona kwa timu.

Pakati pa makoma achitetezo chishango sitimayo superstructures, amene ayenera kuteteza sitimayo madzi osefukira.

Pa zombo, malingana ndi mtundu ndi cholinga chotengeracho, kudula ikuchitika mu magawo angapo.

Pa riverboats akuti mitengo yekha chipinda limene lili gudumu ndi wailesi, ndi nyumba zina zonse pa sitimayo chapamwamba - kuwonjezera-mvu.

makontena ngalawa

Kapangidwe ka sitima nkhondo kapena chotengera wamba zikutanthauza makontena watertight, omwe amaonjezera unsinkable ake.

Lamkati ofukula makoma (bulkheads) kugwira watertight kulekanitsa pamodzi kutalika kwa buku mkati mwa chombo mu zipinda. Iwo kuletsa madzi kudzaza dziko lonse mkati mphamvu kuonongeka mu gawo m'madzi m'chombo ndi kufala kwa moto.

Zipinda za m'chombo, malingana ndi ntchito, maina awo. Major mphamvu zomera anaika mu chipinda, amene amatchedwa galimoto kapena chipinda engine. The injini chipinda cha kukatentha watertight olekanitsidwa ndi kugawa a. Katundu ndi kuwapititsa ku zipinda katundu (akugwirizira). The zogonamo kwa oyendetsa ndi anthu otchulidwa zogona ndipo wina m'tsogolo. Mafuta kusungidwa mu chipinda mafuta.

Malo mu zipinda kuwala chishango bulkheads. Kuti athe kupeza mu zipinda mu hatches pansi sitimayo anaphedwa mawonekedwe anayi. kukula zimadalira makontena kopita.

Sitima dongosolo zosagwiritsa

Magetsi m'ngalawamo - injini ndi makina wothandiza, amene osati kuyambitsa kayendedwe ka chombo, komanso kupereka ndi magetsi.

Kayendedwe ka m'chombo ndi injini chachikulu, tinakwera sitima za pamadzi, shafting zikugwirizana.

zimagwirira wothandiza kupereka m'chombomo pamodzi ndi magetsi, madzi desalinated, nthunzi.

Malinga ndi mfundo ya ntchito ndi mtundu wa injini zazikulu, ndi magwero mphamvu chombo Kanyama kapena kukhala nthunzi chopangira mphamvu, dizilo, dizelturbinnoy, chopangira mphamvu gasi, atomiki kapena pamodzi.

Sitima zipangizo ndi machitidwe

chombo nyumba - osati kokha alumikizana ndi superstructure, kumakhalanso chipangizo m'madzi, kuwapatsa zipangizo zina zapadera ndi njira sitimayo kuonetsetsa ntchito za m'chombo. Popanda chiwongolero kapena nangula zipangizo sanena chombo ngakhale anthu kutali shipbuilding. Ndipo aliyense chotengera ndi towing, mooring, bwato katundu unit. Onse ntchito ndi anakhalabe sitimayo thandizo asilikali, monga magiya chiwongolero, towing, galimoto ndi bwato zingwe, mapampu ndi zambiri.

Sitima machitidwe - ndi zambiri makilomita mapaipi ndi mapampu, zida ndi zipangizo, ndipo kudzera mwa madzi amawapopa kuchokera ku magwiridwe kapena madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito umaperekedwa kwa madzi akumwa kapena thovu vuto la moto, malinga Kutentha, mpweya ndi mpweya.

Zimagwirira olimbana malo kupereka mafuta serviced injini dongosolo, ndege mpweya wothinikizidwa utakhazikika injini.

Ndi kuyatsa magetsi amaperekedwa pa chotengera ndi ntchito njira ndiponso zipangizo zimene zimayendera ndi mphamvu shipboard. zombo zonse zamakono zili ndi zida chipangizo panyanja kudziwa malangizo kuyenda (Inde) ndi kuya, kuyeza kuthamanga liwiro ndi chopinga kudziwika mu chifunga kapena ziwiya kumadza.

Kunja ndi mkati kulankhulana pa chombo kudzera pa wailesi: wailesi, VHF matelefoni wailesi, kuphana telefoni m'madzi.

malo ngalawa

maofesi m'madzi, chilichonse chiwerengero chawo chinali pa chombo, m'magulu angapo.

Izi malawi kwa magulu a anthu (kanyumba apolisiwo ndi forecastle) ndi okwera (cabins zamitundu yosiyanasiyana).

Zonyamula zapamadzi koma iwo ali osowa lero. anthu ochepa amalola kuyenda pa liwiro pang'onopang'ono kwa wautali. Mofulumira kwambiri mukhoza kupanga ndege. Choncho, galimotolo kanyumba - silinalinso uli sitima.

Zonyamula kanyumba, makamaka pa sitima, mu chitonthozo magulu angapo. The kanyumba losavuta akufanana ndi sitima ophimba chipinda ndi maalumali anayi ndi pafupifupi mipando zambiri akukumana m'thupi ndipo alibe porthole kapena zenera, ndi kuyatsa yokumba. zapamadzi A Royal Mfumukazi amapereka Apaulendo ndi zipinda zazikulu zokhala ndi wapamwamba zipinda ziwiri ndi makonde payekha.

Kanyumba m'chombocho, sitima ndi asilikali - ndi akapitawo chimbudzi lamulo. Mkulu ndi alonda akuluakulu osiyana cabins umodzi.

Kukwaniritsa zipinda - ndi parlors, cinemas, odyera, laibulale. Mwachitsanzo, sitima sitima Opeza M'nyanja pa bolodi ali odyera 20, weniweni ayezi rink, kasino ndi zisudzo chifukwa kwa 1380 oonera, kalabu yausiku, kalabu ya jazi ndi madansi.

Pakuti malo a ukhondo ndi zachuma monga ukhondo (zipinda zovala, kusamba, zimbudzi, saunas) ndi banja, monga chakudya, mitundu yonse ya yosungirako ndi zofunikira zipinda.

Pa maofesi Apaulendo zambiri anakana mwayi. Izi chipinda chimene kasamalidwe chotengera, kapena kodi mawailesi, injini chipinda, msonkhano, kusunga magawo yopuma ndi m'matangadza ena m'madzi.
Ku malo a cholinga chapadera monga katundu akugwirizira, kusunga utsi olimba kapena madzi.

chilikupita ngalawa

Tinayenda chombo chipangizo chosiyana ndi chotengera yachibadwa. Only nsanja ndi ngalawa.

Nsanja - magulu matanga onse sitimayo. Mlongoti - zinthu zimene mwachindunji kunyamula kupalasa. Izi Posakhalitsa, spars, mlongoti, bowsprit, akugunda ndi zinthu zina zodziwika bwino m'mabuku za achifwamba a zaka zapitazi.

zida Special, kudzera chimene ena yogwira malo a mlongoti, ndi mlongoti bowsprit otchedwa ataima ngalawa, monga shrouds. casing wotere imakhala n'kupuma ndipo unapangidwa Smolenov wandiweyani chopangidwa kuchokera ku zipangizo chomera kapena kanasonkhezereka chitsulo kapena zitsulo chingwe, ndi m'madera ena - unyolo.

Makina zida, imene matanga kupereka woyera ndi kuchita ntchito zina kugwirizana ndi kasamalidwe boti, amatchedwa akuthamanga ngalawa. Izi ndi zofunda, halyards ndi zinthu zina zopangidwa ndi zitsulo kusintha, kupanga kapena hemp zingwe.

Mu zinthu zonse, ngakhale chiwerengero cha adzikometsa, sitima ngati munthu.

Mnogopalubnoe chombo pansi kupalasa anaonekera kwa zaka za m'ma XVI. Mu Spanish Galleon malingana kusamutsidwa zingakhale ku adzikometsa 2 ndi 7. superstructure nazonso anamanga mu magawo angapo, imene zogonamo inali Apaulendo ndi gulu la alonda.

Kapangidwe la chombo, osachepera, zinthu amafotokoza structural kuti Musati muzidalira pa mtundu ndi cholinga chotengera, kaya sailboats, lotengeka ndi mphepo, matanga inflator kapena zombo matayala ndi injini ndi nthunzi monga injini, liners sitima ndi chopangira mphamvu nthunzi unsembe, kapena nyukiliya zoyendetsedwa ndi kuchangamutsa.