Ndalama Pre-Petrine Russia: ndalama mamba

Ndalama mamba muli dzina lawo chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a. maonekedwe awo amatikumbutsa mamba nsomba. The ulipo mpaka lero ndalama amapangidwa makamaka a siliva, ndi laling'ono kwambiri kuchuluka kwa iwo - kuchokera mkuwa. Pali kopanda kuti panali flakes golide.

Tsiku lenileni la maonekedwe a banknotes mu ntchito amafufuza zamakezana ndi mbiri yakale sanathe mtima, koma kukaonekera pamaso pa Chitata Mongol goli. Koma ntchito komaliza amadziwika - ndi kusintha kwa ndalama ya Peter I mu 1718. Choncho, mbiri ya zaka zoposa zikwi mamba. Poyamba, iwo analibe chipembedzo yeniyeni. Phindu la ndalama mamba anatsimikiza ndi kulemera. zizindikiro Silver, ndithudi, anali okwera mtengo kwambiri mkuwa. Ndipo ndithu siliva pa nthawi wowerengeredwa kuposa tsopano. Masiku amenewo, 1 galamu ya golide analoledwa 10 magalamu a siliva.

Ndalama mamba yopanga

Popeza ndalama kunali kofunika kulemera, zili ndi maonekedwe a tcheru pang'ono ndithu. Iwo anatenga chidutswa cha waya, kudula mutizidutswa tating'ono, amene flattened sitampu. Mtundu wa mankhwala amalandira elongated, zofanana kwambiri ndi mamba nsomba. Image wa sitampa si woyenera kwathunthu. Zosindikiza choikidwacho pamanja pa ndalama anagwa omangidwa, ndi kujambula nkhani akhoza adzaweruzidwa yekha ndi ena denezhek ku gwero limodzi. Njira imeneyi kupanga sichiyambitsa awiri mankhwala ofanana. Ngati waya chinali siliva, inu mumatenga flake ndalamayo. Aliyense kalonga anali ndi timbewu tonunkhira, kotero zosiyanasiyana ndi zoopsa. Monga ulamuliro, pa obverse anabala dzina wolamulirayo, ndi n'zosiyana panayikidwa ena chithunzi lanthano nyama kapena munthu wokwera ndi mkondo. Ngakhale kuti Russia kale anabatizidwa, zizindikiro zambiri zachikunja pa ndalama akhoza kuloledwa.

Kusintha ndalama Elena Glinsky

Akukhulupirira kuti zonse ndalama flakes ayenera kulemera kwa 1 gram. Koma pamene kuli izi denezhek kulemera zonse utachepa. Kenako ndalama kulemera yekha theka gram. Onani kuti pa chiyambi cha m'ma XVI tsiku ndi tsiku mu Russia zinali zochuluka kwambiri zosiyanasiyana zolemba banki. Ndipo iwo kudulidwa nthawi zonse ndipo mmalo. amachita malonda zinalengedwa ndi vuto lalikulu. Pakufunika kusintha chifukwa chilengedwe cha wogwirizana dongosolo ndalama za boma. Iye anali kucheza Elena Glinsky - wamasiye wa Vasily III. ndalama Old inaletsedwa, munthu akhoza kusindikizidwa yekha pa timbewu wa mwayekha lapansi. Inayambitsa dzina latsopano - khobidi, koma ambiri, ndalama adzakhala nawobe yopanga luso chomwecho ndi maonekedwe. Anthu iwo adakali otchedwa mamba. Only tsopano mogwirizana ndi dzina la Mfumu ya Russia Mwachitsanzo, ndalama-mamba Alexei Mikhailovich.

Periodization mamba ndalama

ndalama wakale mamba asanabwere ake, lasintha ambiri omwe amagwirizana zochitika zapadera ndi kupanga luso lawo. Choncho n'zotheka kudziwa zina periodization. Woyamba nthawi - kuchokera IX ndi chiyambi cha m'ma XII - yodziwika ndi sitili mu Russia a golide m'zigawo, siliva ndi mkuwa. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndalama zakunja, ndipo awo anapanga zitsulo zamtengo wapatali bullion, omwe amaonedwa makamaka ngati chofunika a. Pa nthawi imeneyi anapanga dongosolo ndalama-masekeli a Russia.

Mu XII kuti XIV atumwi, pa Chitata Mongol goli popanga ndalama zawo kuti mipingo.

Mu nthawi yachitatu - kuchokera XIV ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka XVI - kuthamangitsa banknotes Russian anachira, koma aliyense kalonga ang'onoang'ono amapeza timbewu yake.

Mbali lachinayi mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa Elena Glinsky: pa nthawi imeneyi, centralization a dongosolo la ndalama mu Moscow.

Nthawi chachisanu ndi chifukwa kusintha ndalama pa bwalo la Peter I. Pali m'malo cheshuek ndalama zimene zimasindikizidwa makina. Iwo amakhala akuluakulu kulemera ndi sanatanthauziridwe. A dongosolo decimal wa muyeso.

numismatists

Popeza mamba ali paliponse, phindu zimadalira ndalama zingati zenizeni pa msika, komanso zitsulo kumene amapangidwira. Mtengo yobetcherana ali osiyanasiyana okongola lonse: kuchokera 140 mpaka 7000 rubles. The lofunika kwambiri ndi ndalama akalonga, chifukwa ndalama zimene zinasonkhedwa ngati simunafike kudutsa nthawi zambiri. Ndipo ngati iwo inadza, chikhalidwe chawo ndi louma kwambiri. Analitamanda kwambiri kotala ya ndalama komanso theka la ndalama, chifukwa pali ndalama iwonso ali osowa kwambiri. kuchuluka kwawo chuma cha ncho ndi laling'ono kwambiri.