N'chifukwa chiyani Turkey sindimakonda Armenia? Chiameniya kupululutsa cha 1915

Kodi mukuganiza Turkey anazindikira chiwembuchi Chiameniya? Ayi, palibe amene amafuna tifulumizane kudana kwa mafuko. M'nkhani ino tidzayesetsa kupeza chomwe chinachitika mu lakutali 1915.

maganizo olakwika

Anthu ambiri amene ntchito kapena tsiku ndi tsiku anakumana ndi Armenia, nsanje cohesion awo. Ena amanena kuti Armenia okhala m'dera limene yaing'ono kuti palibe amene amadziwa chinenero chawo. Choncho ankaona: ndicho chifukwa anthu mwadongosolo.

kukana

N'chifukwa chiyani Turkey sindimakonda Armenia? Bwanji iwo kuzindikira kupululutsa wa anthu? Tiyeni tione zimene zinachitika mu Turkey mu 1915. Atangoyamba dziko analowa First World nkhondo, onse akuluakulu yazamalamulo, komanso Armenia asilikali anamangidwa ndipo kenako anamuombera pamodzi ndi achibale (wokalamba East mwambo).

Tsoka chomwecho ankavutika Armenia onse otchuka okhala mu Istanbul. Kenako, zoopsa za mtundu, amene anakhala pomwepo pa nthaka Turkey. Pogroms unasesa dziko, zomwe zinachititsa kuti kupha anthu pafupifupi hafu miliyoni.

Amadziwika kuti gawo la Ottoman ndi Western Armenia linali mbali ya gawo anthu miliyoni imodzi ndi theka Armenia. Onsewo anaphedwa. kuphedwa The zinachitikadi pansi pa Mwambi: "powononga anthu n'kofunika, ndi m'minda ndi mbewu sangakhoze kukhudza izo."

Gardens ku Turkey anapitiriza kuti Kurds, amene anasiya n'kukakhala pa mayiko amenewa. Chifukwa cha Western Armenia wamaliza linakhalapo ndipo wakhala gawo la Turkey Kurdistan. Ndipo East kusanduka mu Armenia ano.

Pambuyo Ataturk - Mpulumutsi wa maiko ndi anthu konkire, anayamba kulamulira, ndipo inakhazikitsidwa ndi ntchito nawo kufufuza za chiwembuchi Chiameniya. M'kupita kwa ntchito yake mfundo zotsatirazi:

• Anthu a Western Armenia analaswa, koma deralo akhala. Malinga ndi malamulo a dziko la chilamulo, m'dziko mudzabwezedwa.
• Mu Turkey, ndi Armenia anakhala pang'ono (pazipita mazana awiri zikwi). nkhondo inayamba, ndi anthu, chinyengo ndi ayendetsa zauve amene magazi iye chikwiyire skirmishes ambiri.
• Wodwala Turkey anthu - anthu a moyo lonse, nthawi yomweyo kuiwala kusunga mkwiyo. Mu Ottoman pa nthawi imeneyo United loloseredwa banja anamanga wokongola dziko latsopano. Choncho palibe funso fuko ndipo sangakhale.

Amadziwika kuti Turkey zoletsedwa kutchula kuli Western Armenia. M'malamulo Turkey, mawu onse za izo ndi kukhumudwa chigawenga. mfundo imeneyi ndi akuluakulu a dziko kuyambira pa nthawi ya Ataturk ndi tsiku lino.

Chiameniya kupululutsa

Ambiri sangathe kuyankha funso chake Turkey sindimakonda Armenia. Chiwembuchi linakonzedwa ndi akuyendera 1915 m'madera kuyang'anira ndi kunsonga ya Ottoman. Chiwonongeko ikuchitika ndi kupita ndi chiwonongeko thupi, kuphatikizapo kayendedwe ka anthu wamba mu mlengalenga, kuchiwonongeko ndi mosalephera.

N'chifukwa chiyani Tsiku Chikumbutso Armenia imatengedwa kuti ndi tsiku lofunika? m'magazini ino tikambirana zina, ndipo tsopano anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane zochitika m'khutu cha zaka. Chiameniya kupululutsa zinachitika mu magawo angapo: kuchotsa la asilikali, kusankha kuthamangitsidwa la anthu ochokera m'madera malire, ndi athamangitsidwe misa ndi kupulula anthu, kumayambiriro lamulo pa resettlement. Olemba mbiri ena monga iye zochita Turkey Asilikali mu Caucasus mu 1918, kupha a 1890s, ndi kuphedwa ku Smurna.

The okonza ankaona atsogoleri a Young Turkey Cemal, Enver ndi Talaat, komanso mutu wa "Organization Special" Shakir Behaeddin. Mu Ottoman, pakhala chiwonongeko cha Pontian Agiriki ndi Asuri, pamodzi ndi chiwembuchi a anthu akale. Ambiri mwa lonse Chiameniya ankagwiritsidwa unapangidwa kuchokera akuthawa ufumu Ottoman wa anthu.

Panthawiyo, wolemba Raphael Lemkin anali akufuna mawu akuti "kupululutsa," chomwe n'chimodzimodzi ndi kupha Unyinji wa Armenia pa gawo Turkey ndi Ayuda m'mayiko anagwidwa ndi Nazi ku Germany. Chiwonongeko cha ku Armenia - wachiwiri mbiri ya kafukufuku mchitidwe fuko kuyambira Nazi. Ndi mawu gulu la 24 May 1915 mayiko anagwirizana (Russia, United Kingdom ndi France) ndi zoopsa za nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri anali kutchulidwa chotsutsana anthu.

zikhalidwe

Tsopano ife tikupeza kodi mbiri fuko anali yoyamba anthu akale. Chiameniya mtundu okhwima m'ma VI BC. e. pa maiko Chiameniya ndi kum'mawa Turkey, m'dera tingoti Nyanja Van ndi phiri la Ararati. Co. II m'ma BC. e. Armenia pansi pa ulamuliro wa Artashes mfumu Ine anagwirizana kupanga dziko la Great Armenia. Dera waukulu zinalili ndi ulamuliro wa Mfumu ya Tigran II Wamkulu, pamene mphamvu zake cordon adalekana Firate, Palestine ndi nyanja ya Mediterranean kumadzulo kwa Nyanja ya Caspian kummawa.

Kumayambiriro kwa IV lapansi. N. e. (Common tsiku - zaka 301), dziko (woyamba mu dziko) ali mwalamulo anatengera Chikhristu monga chipembedzo cha boma. Zilembo Chiameniya analengedwa 405 ndi Mesrop Mashtots masikolala, ndi m'zaka za zana V chinenero Baibulo linalembedwa.

Orthodox kukhazikitsidwa anali chinthu kusankha zokhudza anthu Chiameniya pambuyo pa imfa ya dongosolo boma, ndipo Apostolic Church wakhala bungwe lalikulu la moyo national.

Mu 428, ndi Great Armenia wamaliza linakhalapo, ndipo m'zaka za m'ma VII, malo ake kumadzulo olamulidwa ndi Byzantines, ndi East - Aperisiya. Pakati pa VII atumwi, gawo chidwi wa dziko lino anakwanitsa Aluya. Chiameniya ufumu mu 860s ulamuliro wa Bagratuni Mafumu anapezanso mwayokha. Byzantines mu 1045 anagwidwa Ani - likulu la dziko lino. Prince Ruben I mu 1080, anakhazikitsa Chiameniya Ufumu wa Kilikiya, Levon II ndi Prince mu 1198 anatenga mutu wa mfumu.

Mamluk Iguputo 1375 anagwidwa Kilikiya, ndi mphamvu palokha unatha. nkhondo mpingo Armenia, amene sanafune kusiya Chikhristu nkhondo angapo a Asilamu (Aperisiya, Turkey Oguz ndi Seljuks, ndi Arab Abbasid) pa dera la Armenia mbiri, misa kusamuka ndi nkhondo yowononga zachititsa kuti kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu m'mayiko amenewa.

Nkhani Chiameniya ndi Turkey

Ndipo komabe: chifukwa Turkey sindimakonda Armenia? Kukhala Ottoman, iwo sanali Asilamu choncho ankaona dhimmis - nzika wachiwiri kalasi. Armenia analipira msonkho waukulu, iwo sankaloledwa zida. Ndipo munthu yemwe analowa Orthodoxy, analibe ufulu khoti kuti ndichitire umboni.

Kumene, zimakhala zovuta funso chifukwa Turkey sindimakonda Armenia. Amadziwika kuti 70% akukhala mu Ottoman kuzunzidwa malo a anthu, inkakhala alimi osauka. Komabe, njira Muslim kuchenjera ndi bwino Chiameniya malonda talente ndi kufala chidwi pa zonse, popanda yekha, oimira dziko. Kudana itakula mpikisano chuma gawo la ulimi ndi mavuto osathetsedwa chikhalidwe m'mizinda.

Zimenezi ndi kovuta chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa Asilamu ku Caucasus - ndi kwawo (pambuyo Turkey-Russian ndi Caucasus nkhondo ya 1877-78) Ndiyeno iwowa tsiku Balkan mayiko. Othawa kwawo anamuchotsa Akristu m'madera awo, anang'amba choipa mu Orthodox m'deralo. Titero Armenia pa chitetezo chofanana ndi munthu ndi kufanana kuwonongeka kwa malo awo mu gawo la Ottoman zinachititsa kuti zikamera wa "nkhani Chiameniya" monga mbali ya vuto zambiri ambiri a kum'mawa.

Turkey ndi Armenia - chikumenyana mitundu. M'dera la Erzurum mu 1882 idamangidwa mmodzi wa mayanjano loyamba la Armenia - "ulimi ogwira", oyesa kuteteza anthu ku kuba ndi Kurds ndi wongosamukasamuka ena. Woyamba chipani "Armenakan" analengedwa mu 1885. nsanja yake ikukhudza kupeza m'deralo kukhalanso anthu mothandizidwa ndi mabodza ndi maphunziro, komanso akatswiri asilikali kuthana ndi mantha boma.

Mu 1887, panali chikhalidwe demokalase chipika "Hnchakyan 'amene ankafuna kuthandiza ulimi kumasula Turkey Armenia ndi kulenga wodziimira Bomali. Mu Tiflis mu 1890 izo unachitikira msonkhano woyamba wa kwakukulu mgwirizano - "Dashnaktsutyun", pulogalamu yomwe ikuti ndi kudziyimira pawokha m'kati mwamalire a Ottoman, kulingana ndi ufulu wa anthu onse, ndi gawo chikhalidwe anatchula m'munsi mwa wamba kulankhula ngati zinthu zofunika za dziko latsopano.

Decimation mu zaka 1894-1896

Kuphedwa kwa Armenia inayamba mu 1894 ndipo zinatha mpaka 1896. Panali kuphedwa mu Istanbul, Van ndi Sasun malo, omwe anakhala amapereka kwa mkwiyo amangokhala Armenia. M'madera onse a ufumu mu 1895, mazana a zikwi za miyoyo zawonongedwa. Osachepera kumvetsa ndi ambiri magazi ndi chinthu chachiwiri. Chiwerengero cha nawo ka kupha analamula akadali mutu wa mtsutso kukwiya.

Kukonzekera za kuwonongedwa kwa mtundu wa Armenia

Mwina Turkey chiwembuchi Chiameniya adayamba anali kufunafuna abwino watsopano pambuyo utasintha "İttihat" chimene chinachitika mu 1908. Ottoman ufumu umodzi chinasokonezedwa ndi malamulo, amene opotoka ufulu wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anthu M'madoko ndi kuwavula Turkey udindo mphamvu yayikulu. Komanso, mfundo imeneyi ndi kupereka mfundo aukali ya chiphunzitso Chisilamu ndiponso poto-Turkism. Mu kukhota za malo a dziko la chisilamu kuchichepetsa maganizo kulibe Mulungu wa atsogoleri a "İttihat" ndipo kuli pafupi Shiite dziko la Persia.

Ndakatulo ndi Katswiri Gekalp Zia anakonza mfundo malinga ndi zomwe ufumu Ottoman nawo First World nkhondo. Iye anali ideologist otchuka wa Young Turkey. maganizo ake athandize Turan dziko, limene anthu Turkey olankhula Asilamu. Iye anakhulupirira kuti m'dera Turan anali kuti akomere uthunthu wonse wa Turkic fuko. Ntchitoyi pafupifupi kumatha netyurok osati maboma komanso a anthu wamba. Sunkalandiridwa kwa Armenia ndi ing'onoing'ono ena Amalawi Turkey.

Pan-Turkism ndi yabwino kwa anthu zazikulu za ufumuwo, monga ulamuliro zofunika lalandiridwa pafupifupi onse atsogoleri "İttihat". Armenia anadzitcha, poyamba pa zonse, malo achipembedzo. Mwina, iwo anali kulakwitsa, kukhulupirira kuti Turkism kuposa Islam.

Pa Balkan nkhondo m'chaka cha 1912 kuti anthu ambiri okonda mfundo za Ottomanism asilikali Chiameniya (more 8000 odzipereka) achita mbali yofunika kwambiri mu la Turkey. Ambiri mwa asilikali, pa nkhani ya kazembe wa Britain, anasonyeza wolimba mtima kwambiri. Komanso, midadada Chiameniya "ARF" ndi "Hnchakyan" zitsulo ndodo odana Ottoman pamaso.

Turkey kupululutsa la Armenia sindikufuna kuti azindikire. Ndipo kodi kuyamba? Mu 1914, August 2, Turkey walowa mu pangano chinsinsi ndi Germany. Imodzi mwa zikhalidwe zake zinali kusintha kwa malire a kummawa. nuance Izi zingamuthandize mapangidwe aja zikubweretsa anthu Chisilamu la Russia, amene umanena pa chiwonongeko cha kudzacheza Chiameniya kwa zigawo kusintha. lamuloli analengeza ndi anthu onse a utsogoleri Ottoman pambuyo kulowa mu nkhondo mu 1914, pa October 30. Chithandizo munali lamulo kuti tisaletse confluence wa oimira onse a mtundu Turkey.

A maola angapo pambuyo kusaina chinsinsi German-Turkey pangano usilikali "İttihat" analengeza yolimbikitsa ambiri, zomwe zinachititsa kuyitana kwa akazi pafupifupi onse thanzi asilikali Chiameniya. Komanso, pambuyo polowa yoyamba ya padziko lonse, Ufumu wa Ottoman anali nawo nkhondoyo pa amadzibisa ambiri. The kunkhondo ya Turkey asilikali m'dziko la Persia ndi Russia chawonjezeka m'dera la nkhanza Armenia.

Kupita loyamba

Turkey, ku Armenia, 1915 ... Kodi chinachitika mu nthawi imeneyo kutali? Mu mwezi wa March 1915 asilikali Franco-British anaukira Dardanelles. Mu Istanbul anayamba kukonzekera kusuntha likulu mu Eskisehir ndi gulu la m'deralo. Guide Ottoman Armenia adawopa pophatikizana ndi mayiko ake, ali Choncho anaganiza kutali anthu onse zokhumudwitsa pakati Eskisehir ndi Istanbul.

Chakumapeto March, "Organization Special" anayamba kukonzekera kupha Unyinji wa anthu Erzurum. Iye anapita ku chigawo kwambiri kwakukulu nthumwi "İttihat" amene anayenera kuchita propaganda odana ndi Chiameniya. Mmodzi mwa iwo anali ndi Reshid Bay. Zinali iye njira wodyerana kwambiri, kuphatikizapo m'ndende ndi kuzunza, anafunafuna chida Diyarbakir, kenako anakhala mmodzi wa wakupha kwambiri ponseponse.

Kuthamangitsidwa a ku Armenia unayamba pa April 8 mzinda Zeytun, umene anthu kwa zaka anali ufulu tsankho ndiponso anali kulimbana ndi boma la Turkey. ukapolo zikupereka yankho la funso waukulu zokhudzana ndi nthawi yokonza fuko. A mbali yaing'ono ya ku Armenia anali kutumizidwa ku mzinda wa Konya, wapafupi Iraq ndi Syria - malo pang'ono pasanafike pa anthu onse anathamangitsidwa.

Kupha limodzi ndi funde la akuba. Malonda Mehmet Ali umboni kuti Jemal Azmi (kazembe wa Trebizond) ndi chitunda Mustafa n'kukagwiritsa zodzikongoletsera ofunika 400,000 Turkey golide mapaundi (za oposa 1.5 miliyoni madola US). US kazembe ku Aleppo kukauza Washington kuti Ottoman ntchito wokhala dongosolo kulandidwa.

Kazembe mu Trabzon inanena kuti tsiku lililonse amaona khamu la ana ndi akazi Turkey amapita apolisi ndi adzagwira chilichonse chimene amachita. Iye anandiuza kuti nyumba Commissioner "İttihat" mu Trabzon chosaneneka ndi ngale ndi golide, analandira chifukwa cha kugawikana kwa abe lapansi.

Ndi chilimwe 1915, ambiri a ku Armenia okhala ufumu, anaphedwa. Akuluakulu Ottoman ankayesetsa kubisa izo, koma kuti ku Europe, othawa ponena za kuwonongedwa kwa mtundu wa anthu ake. Mu 1915, April 27, ndi Catholicos Chiameniya otchedwa pa Italy ndi United States kuthandizapo kuletsa kupha. Kuphedwa Chiameniya anaweruzidwa mwa mphamvu anagwirizana, koma nkhondo iwo sanathe kuthandiza anthu odwala.

Mu England, pambuyo anayendera boma linasindikizidwa zopelekedwa buku "Chithandizo a ku Armenia mu Ottoman", mu US ndi Europe, anthu anayamba kusonkhanitsa ndalama kwa anthu othawa. Kupha Armenia kumadzulo ndi pakati Anatolia anapitirizabe August 1915.

achiwembuwo

Ife pafupifupi tinapeza chifukwa Turkey anapha Armenia. Mu Boston mu 1919 pa IX Congress za "Dashnaktsutyun", anaganiza kuti athana atsogoleri a Young Turkey, wakuyesetsana kuphana ndi. opaleshoni anali kutchula dzina la wakale wamkazi Greek lobwezera Nemesis. Ambiri mwa anthu achiwembu aja anali a ku Armenia amene anakwanitsa kuthawa nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Iwo ardently ankafuna kukabwezera imfa ya mabanja awo.

"Opaleshoni Nemesis" ntchito bwino. Yotchuka kwambiri akuwavutitsa anakhala mmodzi wa mamembala a triumvirate Turkey wa Talat Pasha ndi Mtumiki wa Ottoman Mkati. Talaat, pamodzi ndi atsogoleri ena a Young Turkey, anathawira ku Germany mu 1918, koma kunatha mu Berlin Teyliryanom Soghomon mu March 1921.

The mbali malamulo

The Ottoman ndi Republic of Armenia ndi chidwi kutsutsa dziko lonse. Onse Declaration 24 May 1915 mayiko anagwirizana ndi umboni za izo.

Kuzindikira fuko ndi Cholinga zofunika kwambiri pa mabungwe Chiameniya lobbyist, ndipo, koma kuzindikira ndi, akulengezera zoti reparations ndi zonena za m'zigawozo Turkey. Pofuna kukwaniritsa kuvomereza, lobbyists kukopa nkhani ya anthu otchuka ndi parliamentarians, mabungwe anakhazikitsa polimbana ndi nkhani imeneyi, kuika kukakamiza utsogoleri wa m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, ambiri kukanena nkhaniyi anthu. Pafupifupi onse a kunja kwa Palestina Chiameniya ndi ana mwachindunji mwa anthu kupululutsa. Bungweli lili ndi chuma chokwanira chuma chimene chingathe kupirira mavuto Turkey.

America katatu anatengera maganizo pa awonongedwe misa ya ku Armenia. kupululutsa Izi anazindikira ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ku Ulaya, ndi mgwirizano aphungu a mayiko South America, ku United Nations Sub-Commission pa chitetezo ndi kupewa tsankho ndi ing'onoing'ono, ndi Latin American yamalamulo.

Kuzindikila chiwonongeko cha anthu Chiameniya si ayenera-onani kopita kwa Turkey inalowa ku EU, koma akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti adzakhala ndi kukumana chikhalidwe ichi.

tsiku zofunika

Tsiku lokumbukira akuvutika chifukwa cha nkhondo yapachiweniweni Chiameniya ku Turkey, anasankhidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ku Ulaya 24 April 2015. Mu Armenia, tsiku limeneli si tsiku malonda ndi n'kofunika kwambiri. Chaka chilichonse anthu mamiliyoni ambiri padziko lonse kulipira msonkho pokumbukira anthu akufa pa tsiku la athamangitsidwe ophunzira Chiameniya wa Istanbul.