"Liberty, Fraternity, Kulingana!" - pa Mwambi dziko la Republic French

The Republic French - ndi limodzi la mayiko loyamba ku Ulaya, amene wathetsa miyambo monarchical boma, chotero wafunsira kusintha kwakukulu chikumbumtima chikhalidwe cha anthu m'mayiko ambiri.

Economic maziko a French kuukira boma

Ndi maonekedwe a Republic French anabweretsa kusintha, chimene chinafika kwa 1789 kwa zaka 1794. Zimayambitsa zisinthe angathe kuonedwa monga kwambiri zovuta ndi zachuma amene wakumenya France pa mphindi. The m'dziko limenelo predominated ufumu mtheradi, ndipo iwo sukanakhoza mavuto onse, kuteteza yekha zofuna za anthu mwayi wa anthu. Mbiri ya boma French wakhala mbiri ya boma lachifumu, koma ndi 1789 zinaonekeratu kuti zambiri sangathe kupitiriza. Large tidakocheza apamwamba analamulira dziko, panali chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu wamba, ndi chuma amadalira ambuye ang'onoang'ono. Nthawiyi anayamba chitukuko cha mafakitale, antchito anafunikira zomera. Liberty, Kulingana, Fraternity French kuwamva monga mwayi kwa anthu wamba kugwira ntchito osati m'midzi komanso mu mzinda.

Komanso, wamba anapitiriza kuti uwonongedwe, pamene mfumu ndi anamuperekeza wake anadzikhuthula chuma cha zosangalatsa awo. Zimenezi anachititsa kusakhutira koopsa.

Maziko wauzimu wa French kuukira boma

The utasintha French linakonzedwa ndi ntchito za Choonadi cha m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu. Anzeruwo monga Voltaire ndi La Rochefoucauld, anali kulalikira kwambiri makhalidwe a anthu maganizo. Iwo anakhulupirira kuti tanthauzo lalikulu la kusintha kwa anthu - izi ndi ufulu, fraternity, ofanana. Anthu onse ayenera ufulu wofanana, kaya ndi zomwe kalasi iwo ali ndi a zachuma. Kuteteza yokumba mbali imodzi ya anthu enawo chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom - izi ndi mfundo injini ya French Choonadi.

Mphamvu za zisinthe galimoto

The utasintha French linakonzedwa ndi mphamvu zazikulu zonse zitatu. The woyamba tinganene kuti ngati anthu wamba ndi French, zomwe zinali zovuta kwambiri kulipira mangawa ang'onoang'ono, wachiwiri imatengedwa kuti anthu a mumzindawo - osema, antchito, ambiri, anthu ntchito. mphamvu Chachitatu mukhoza kutengedwa ngati bourgeoisie ndi amene ankalamulira makampani ndi malonda. Onse a iwo limodzi ndi Mwambi French "Liberty, fraternity, ofanana."

Onse a magulu ankhondo awa anagwirizana pa mfundo zimene mfumu iyenera kuchotsedwa mphamvu ndi kupereka anthu kuti malamulo amene ufulu ndi boma ya anthu. Koma panali kusiyana. Choncho, oimira bourgeoisie ankakhulupirira kuti ufulu, abale, kulingana ndi wabwino pa nthawiyo, ndiyeno inu mukhoza kuyamba kuganizira likulu ndi chuma manja a munthu.

Inde wa zisinthe. States General

Korol Lyudovik XVI anaganiza kuti chifukwa cha vuto ndi zachuma mu dziko, muyenera kusonkhanitsa States General, ndi tasked mtumiki Necker. May 5, 1789 adasonkhana, kutsogozedwa ndi nduna ya Mirabeau. Iye anakhulupirira kuti French zisinthe mawu mwina mantha anthu ambiri, choncho muyenera kupita mgwirizano wa mfumu, atsogoleri ndi anthu. Koma ndiye kunapezeka kuti mfumu safuna asintha ndi kugwira kusintha. Komanso, iye anayesa kumwazikana ndi States General, lomwe nthawi imeneyo anatembenukira kwa National Assembly. French Mwambi "Liberty, Kulingana, Fraternity" sanali yoyenera aliyense.

Monga Mtumiki wa Mirabeau anakana kupasuka khamulo, asilikali achilendo analowa Paris, wopangidwa mwa mercenaries German ndipo Swiss. Iwo anachotsedwa ndi mtumiki Necker, ndipo uyu anali kutsogolera kuyamba zikuluzikulu otchuka kugalukira. "Liberty, fraternity, kulingana!" - anakuwa Paris, amene ankafuna kulanda mfumu wamphamvuzonse.

Bastille

July 14, 1789 ankaona kuti ndi tsiku kwambiri m'mbiri ya France. Pa tsiku ili, kuti mphepo m'ndende, ndiyo Bastille, anapita ku Paris eyiti nawo awiri Russian.

Bastille poyamba ankaona kuti kukhala m'ndende chifukwa olemekezeka, koma ndiye, mu nthawi ya Louis XVI, opangidwa kuchokera ku izo ndende zonse. Maonekedwe ake anali zinthu chocheperako m'ndende, kumene akaidi ndi mwayi ntchito ndi kuwerenga. Kwenikweni Bastille tidzikhuthule - nthawi kutenga munali akaidi zokha.

Bastille anali paliponse zakudya zimenezi ndi kupambana kwa ufulu ndi chilungamo. Ambiri ankakhulupirira kuti ufulu, abale, azimai pambuyo chiwonongeko cha ndende potsiriza akwaniritsidwa.

chipambane Republic

Pa nthawi imeneyi, boma la Paris zalephereka, mzinda anakhala boma ulamuliro, amene ankanena kuti Kumvetsela okha National Assembly. Mu mavuto ambiri mu August, mamembala a atsogoleri ndi anthu otchuka amasiya udindo wawo. August 26 anadza wotchuka za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe wa munthu ndi wa nzika. Liberty, fraternity, kulingana anakhala mfundo zake zazikulu. Iwo anazindikira ufulu wosankha munthu aliyense, ufulu wawo kukhalanso. misonkho ambiri anali anathetsa, ndipo alimi anapumira momasuka. Anathetsa chakhumi ndi malipiro mokakamizidwa wa ambuye msonkho.

Korol Lyudovik XVI anakhala akapolo a boma latsopano, ndi m'bale wake ndi anthu ena a anthu otchuka French anasamuka. June 20, 1791 banja lachifumu anayesa kuthawa kunja kwa mphunzitsi, koma analephera, ndipo anaukitsidwa.

Kupasula mafumu ndi inalowa la Republic

Mu August 1792 chisankho zinachitika mu Convention National ndi zinthu adabvutika. September 20 unali msonkhano wake woyamba, ndipo woyamba lamulo lomwelo anathetsa ufumu.

Posachedwa Korol Lyudovik anaphedwa, ndipo nkhondo France ndi maiko ena. "Liberty, azimai fraternity" - kumatsutsana zolemba izi kuwona pa anthu a mayiko ena. Choyamba pa February, France anapita kukamenyana ndi Britain. British Minister Pitt Uilyam Wamng'ono anayamba anatseka misewu chuma France, ndipo zimenezi zinakhudza boma la dziko. Mu France, njala ndi kugalukira ndi yolimbikitsa usilikali. Kenako anayamba kukangana ndi wina Jacobins zina ndi Girondins, mbali ziwiri mu Convention. Mmodzi wa boma ŵa Danton analenga komiti ya Zachitetezo, amene kwa zaka zingapo mosavuta kuthana ndi mavuto azachuma komanso azandale.

kusintha m'mphawi

Mu 1792, a Convention ali anakhazikitsa zikuluzikulu kusokonekera kusintha dziko mokomera Amaya. Alimi talandira ndi maudindo ena. Iwo anazindikira kuti Mwambi yaikulu ya Republic French - kuthandiza anthu ntchito kwa mzinda ndi alimi. ntchito onse ang'onoang'ono amene anathetsa, minda ya kwawo otchuka anagawidwa ziwembu ang'ono ndi anagulitsa, kotero kuti sakanatha kugula ngakhale alimi wolemera kwambiri. kukonzanso uku litakhazi- zogwirizana ndi ulimi wa osawuka, ndipo alibenso ndimalota za ulamuliro wachifumu unayambanso.

kusintha Land anali kugonjetsedwa kwambiri mbiri French, ndi latsopano la ntchito zoyendetsera gulu la France akhala nthawi yaitali, pamene chapakati ofukula za mphamvu anali osalimba.

kusintha kwina mu dongosolo mphamvu France

M'chaka cha 1794 dziko ankalamulidwa ndi Robespierre ndi komiti ya Zachitetezo. Robespierre anaphedwa Hébert ndi boma ena. July 27, boma Robespierre anali lithe, ndipo anatumidwa inanyongedwa.

Msonkhanowu wosweka mu 1795, ndi Cavaliers kwawo anayamba kufunafuna njira kuti abwerere kwawo. Liberty, Kulingana, Fraternity French kuzindikira ngati mwayi atengenso gawo la mphamvu zake zakale.

October 28, 1795 zinakhalako latsopano French Republic. Pa mutu wake adayima Directory. Pa nthawi imeneyo, France anachita nkhondo yogonjetsa ku Ulaya, ndi wotsogolera anali kuyesera kupeza njira kupitiriza nkhondo.

Kumapeto kwa 1795 Barras Zithunzi kukopedwa kwa yimitsira a kugalukira ku Paris, achinyamata General Napoleon Bonaparte. Bonaparte ankakhulupirira kuti "Liberty, Kulingana, Fraternity" - ndi chiphiphiritso cha populace French, kuti awathandize. m'bale wake - Lyusen Bonapart - anali ochenjera ndi kutali woona wandale amene anathandiza Napoleon kulanda mphamvu.

October 16, Napoleon asilikali anafika ku Paris, ndipo ankaona kuti zizindikiro za French kuukira boma. Choncho, iye moni kwabasi. Mu ulamuliro wa Bonaparte Directory analenga padziko mndandanda wa French Kanema States, anathandiza mfumu ulamuliro wake. Dziko anakhala ndi kutsogozedwa lake latsopano amphamvu mtsogoleri - Napoleon Bonaparte.

Tanthauzo la French kuukira boma anali kuti potsirizira pake anagonjetsa dongosolo ang'onoang'ono ndipo anathandiza ulamuliro wa bizinesi. Zinali mantha wamphamvu kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, ndi kuti kusintha kwakukulu pa chitetezo cha chikhalidwe cha dziko akhala akwaniritsa.