Iron Age. m'mbiri yakale

Kuchuluka zinsinsi zobisika mbiri dziko, ndiponso kusiya akatswiriwo akukhulupirira kupeza chinthu chatsopano mfundo kudziwika. Zosangalatsa ndi zachilendo phokoso mphindi pamene inu mukuzindikira kuti kamodzi pa malo omwewo amene tikuyenda lero, zinyamazi moyo, kumenyana Ankhondo msasa anthu akale. mbiri World ndi maziko periodization ataya mfundo ziwiri zimene zogwirizana ndi chitukuko cha mtundu wa anthu - zakuthupi kuti yopanga zida ndi luso kupanga. Mogwirizana ndi mfundo zimenezi, malingaliro a "M'badwo Stone", "Mkuwa Age", ndi "chitsulo" zaka. Aliyense wa awa periodization linali lofunika mu chitukuko cha anthu wozungulira ina kusanduka ndi kudziwa maluso anthu. N'zoona kuti sanali mphindi kwathunthu kungochita mbiri. Kuchoka pa chiyambi cha Kale, ndi lero pali kasinthidwe zonse za nzeru ndi chitukuko cha njira yatsopano yopangira zipangizo zothandiza.

mbiri World woyamba nyengo chibwenzi njira

Science zitsulo chida ku intervals chibwenzi nthawi. Makamaka, ife tikhoza kusintha radiocarbon chibwenzi a miyala, dendrochronology. Kukula mofulumira munthu wakale walola kusintha njira zamakono alipo. About 5000 zapitazo, pamene anayamba kulemba nyengo mu mbiri ya anthu, prerequisites ina pachibwenzi, zomwe zinali zochokera kuli zosiyanasiyana limati ndi chitukuko. Tentatively amakhulupirira kuti nthawi ya kudzipatula munthu ku dziko nyama unayamba pafupifupi mamiliyoni awiri zapitazo, mpaka kugwa kwa Western Roma, kumene kunachitika mu 476 AD, nthawi anapita Antiquities. Isanafike chiyambi cha Kubadwa Kwatsopano anali Ages Middle. Mpaka mapeto a First World nkhondo unatha pamene nkhani Chatsopano, ndipo tsopano ndi nthawi zatsopano. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale nthawi zosiyanasiyana kuika awo "nangula" chimango Buku Mwachitsanzo, Herodotus ankasamalira kwambiri polimbana Asia ndi ku Ulaya. Asayansi Patapita nthawi ankaona phwando lalikulu mu chitukuko cha chitukuko kukondweretsa Republic Roma. Akatswiri ambiri amavomereza mu kopanda awo kuti chikhalidwe Iron Age ndi luso la mtengo wapatali sanali, monga mu malo oyamba anadza zida za nkhondo ndi ntchito.

ANAKULIRA zitsulo nyengo

Mu prehistory anatsindika zaka mwala, kupanga Paleolithic, Mesolithic ndi Neolithic. Aliyense wa nthawi zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro cha chitukuko cha munthu ndi zaluso lake pa matenda a miyala. Poyamba, mfuti kwambiri ambiri dzanja nkhwangwa. Kenako, panali zinthu zipangizo mwala, osati nodule lonse. Pa nthawi imeneyi, chitukuko cha moto, chilengedwe cha zovala woyamba anapanga zikopa za nyama, woyamba zipembedzo ndi kusintha kwa nyumba. Pa anthu theka-woyendayendawu ndi kusaka miyoyo nyama zazikulu 'amafuna zida zambiri ndi bwino. A siteji zina za chitukuko cha luso mwala processing anabwera kwa Zakachikwi ndi mapeto a M'badwo Stone, pamene kufalitsa ulimi ndi nyama husbandry, pali ceramic kupanga. Mu nthawi ya mkuwa zitsulo anali ntchito ndi processing ake. Chiyambi cha Iron Age anaika opaleshoni kutsogolo m'tsogolo. Kuphunzira katundu zitsulo zonse zinachititsa kuti Kupezeka kwa mkuwa ndi kufalitsa ake. M'badwo wa miyala, yamkuwa, yachitsulo - ndi ndondomeko zogwirizana chitukuko anthu, zochokera kayendedwe Unyinji wa anthu.

deta zenizeni nthawi ya m'nyengo

Kufalitsa chitsulo amatanthauza kalasi wosazindikira ndi kumayambiriro kwa mbiri ya anthu. Mbali khalidwe nyengo ndi mumaganiza za makampani ndi kupanga zida. Ngakhale m'dziko wakale kupanga ganizo la gulu la mibadwo malinga ndi nkhaniyo. Kumayambiriro Iron Age kuphunzira ndi kupitiriza kuphunzira, asayansi zosiyanasiyana. Mu Ulaya, zolemba voluminous anamasulidwa
Gornesom, Montelius, Tischler, Reinecke, Kostshevskim, etc ... Mu Eastern Europe ndi mabuku zogwirizana monographs ndi mapu a mbiri yakale dziko opangidwa Gorodtsov, Spitsin, Gautier, Tretyakov, Smirnov, Artamonov, Grakov. Amaona kufala kwa chitsulo khalidwe la chikhalidwe cha wosazindikira mafuko amene ankakhala kunja kwa chitukuko. Ndipotu, wa dziko pa nthawi anapulumuka Iron Age. The Mkuwa Age Pankhaniyi anali choyambilira. Iye sanali kuwalanga nthawi zonsezi mu mbiri. Mwazaka, nthawi Iron Age chimakhala cha 9 m'ma 7 BC. Panthawi imeneyi, mafuko ambiri a ku Ulaya ndi Asia adzakankha kukhala yake zitsulo chitsulo. Popeza zitsulo adakali zofunika kwambiri kupanga zinthu alipo ndipo ndi mbali za zana lino.

nthawi Culture

Development wa kupanga ndi kufalitsa chitsulo ndithu nawatsimikizira zinachititsa kuti wamakono chikhalidwe ndi moyo chikhalidwe. zinthu Pali chuma maubale ntchito ndi azingokhala njira mafuko a moyo. m'mbiri yakale anati kudzikundikira mfundo kukula kwa lochitira ndalama kuwombola matanthauzo opindulitsa zipani. Inafalitsidwa malinga, anayamba mapangidwe kalasi anthu ndi boma. More ndalama kunditumiza ku umwini payekha osankhika ochepa okha, panali ukapolo ndi stratification wa kulikonse patsogolo.

Monga m'badwo wa zitsulo anasonyeza kuti mu USSR?

Kumapeto kwa wachiwiri Zakachikwi BC pa dera la Union anaonekera chitsulo. Mwa malo ambiri wakale zachitika Tingaone kumadzulo Georgia ndi South Caucasus. Kumayambiriro zipilala Iron Age zimasungika kum'mwera gawo European wa USSR. Koma misa zitsulo kutchuka ndiri nazo pano woyamba Zakachikwi BC, monga anatsimikizira angapo a zinthu zofukulidwa m'mabwinja pa Mkuwa Age mu Caucasus, zotsalira za chikhalidwe cha North Caucasus ndi Nyanja Black ndi ena. Zikugwira ntchito yomanga midzi ya Asikuti apezeka zipilala bwino kwambiri oyambirira Iron Age. Apeza anapanga ndi kuthetsa Kamenka pafupi Nikopol.

Mbiri ya zipangizo mu Kazakhstan

Mwambiriyakale, Iron Age lagawidwa Mmasiku awiri. Izi ndi oyambirira, chimene chinafika pa 8 m'zaka za m'ma 3 BC, ndipo kenako umene unatha zaka za m'ma 3 BC ku 6 m'ma AD. Aliyense dziko lili ndi mbiri yake pa kufala kwa chitsulo, koma mapangidwe a ndondomeko imeneyi ndi amadalira kwambiri m'chigawochi. Choncho, Iron Age pa dera la Kazakhstan zinali zodzaza ndi zimene zikuchitika m'madera zitatu. Ku Southern Kazakhstan ng'ombe wamba ndi ulimi yothiriridwa. nyengo mu Western Kazakhstan sanayembekezere ntchito ulimi. Ndi North, East ndi pakati Kazakhstan anali anthu anthu, kusinthidwa kwa yozizira. zigawo zitatu izi, kopambana osiyana mu mawu okhala, inakhala maziko a chilengedwe cha atatu Chikazaki zhuzes. Kumwera Kazakhstan wakhala malo a maphunziro Mkulu Juz. North lapansi, East ndi pakati Kazakhstan anakhala malo a Middle Juz. West Kazakhstan ndi Junior gulu.

The Iron Age ku Central Kazakhstan

Wosatha steppes a ku Central Asia akhala malo a moyo wosamukasamuka. Apa, mbiri yakale ukufanizidwa ndi n'chodabwitsa manda, ndiwo wamtengo wapatali zipilala za Iron Age. Makamaka n'chodabwitsa ofanana ndi mndandanda kapena "ndevu" m'derali, kuchita malinga ndi asayansi, chabwino ndi kampasi ntchito mu steppe lapansi. Ndi chidwi a mbiri tasmolinskaya chikhalidwe, otchedwa dera m'chigawo Pavlodar, amene analemba zofukulidwa choyamba cha mwamuna ndi kavalo mu mulu zazikulu ndi zazing'ono. Ofukula mukukhulupirira Kazakhstan n'chodabwitsa tasmolinskoy zipilala chikhalidwe cha ambiri oyambirira Iron Age.

Features chikhalidwe cha Kumpoto Kazakhstan

Dera limeneli amakhala ndi pamaso pa ng'ombe. m'deralo ku ntchito ulimi asamukira ku zitakhazikika ndipo woyendayendawu njira ya moyo. Tasmolinskaya chikhalidwe ndi adzalemekezedwa m'dera lino. Chidwi ofufuza za oyambirira zipilala Iron Age kukopa n'chodabwitsa Birlik Alypkash, Bekteniz ndi midzi itatu: Karlyga, Bork ndi Kenotkel. M'mphepete lamanja la mtsinje Yesil analimbitsa Early Iron Age. Development apa yalandira luso yadothi ndi processing zitsulo nonferrous. mankhwala chopangidwa ndi chitsulo chosungunula anali kuwapititsa ku Eastern Europe ndi Caucasus. Kazakhstan kwa zaka zingapo patsogolo anansi ake mu chitukuko cha zitsulo wakale ndi wakhala wolankhula pakati pa malo zitsulo za dziko, Siberia ndi Eastern Europe.

"Alonda a golide"

n'chodabwitsa Wamkulu wa East Kazakhstan makamaka atasunga Shiliktinskoy Valley. Pali oposa makumi asanu. Mu 1960, kafukufuku kunachitidwa yaikulu kwambiri ya n'chodabwitsa, amene amatchedwa Golden. Anakwezedwa mtundu uwu wa chipilala kuti Iron Age mu BC 8-9 atumwi. Zaisan chigawo cha East Kazakhstan amatilola kufufuza oposa mazana awiri a n'chodabwitsa waukulu manda, 50 ndipo amatchedwa mfumu ndi anyamula golide. Mu Shiliktinskoy Valley ndi wamkulu pa dziko lapansi manda a mafumu a 8 m'ma BC, mu Kazakhstan, amene linatsegulidwa Pulofesa Toleubayeva. Pakati ofukula anapeza unachititsa phokoso basi monga wachitatu "golide munthu" Kazakhstan. Iye anaikidwa mu zovala chokongoletsedwa ndi 4325 golide Tang. The chidwi kwambiri anapezazo - ndi pentagonal nyenyezi ndi kunyezimira lazuritnymi. Chinthu limaimira mphamvu ndi ukulu. Zinali chitsimikizo chokwanira kuti Shilikty, Besshatyr, Issyk, Berel, Boralday - malo opatulika kumene miyambo, Nsembe ndi mapemphero.

Kumayambiriro Iron Age chikhalidwe cha wongosamukasamuka

umboni zopelekedwa chikhalidwe wakale wa Kazakhstan pali ambiri. Makamaka mfundo kuwapeza akatswiri a zinthu zakale ndi zofukulidwa. Pa wongosamukasamuka kwambiri zanenedwa za nyimbo ndi kuvina. Tiyenera amatchulanso luso kupanga zipangizo ceramic ndi zojambula kwa mbale siliva. Kufalitsa chitsulo nyumba, ndi kupanga anali kutsogolera kwa kusintha kwa dongosolo lapadera Kutentha: m'chumunicho, amene horizontally anaika mbali mwa makoma wogawana analimbikitsa nyumba yonse. The wongosamukasamuka anatulukira zambiri alipidwa zinthu lero zoweta ntchito ndi ntchito ya nkhondo. Iwo akhala ndi mathalauza, stirrups, ndi yurt ndi saber yokhota kumapeto. Kuteteza akavalo zitsulo zipolopolo yapangidwa. Chitetezo cha wankhondo chomwecho kupereka chitsulo zida.

Zikayenda ndi nthawi kutsegula

The Iron Age ndi wachitatu mu mzere kwa mwala ndi mkuwa. Koma ndi phindu, mosakaika, ndi loyamba. Kuti chitsulo ano amakhalabe zinthu maziko a ntchito zaluso anthu onse. atulukira zonse zofunika m'munda wa ulimi pozigwiritsa ntchito zake. zitsulo uyu ali limatsogolera mfundo apamwamba poyerekeza ndi mkuwa. Koyera zachilengedwe chitsulo kulibe, ndi kukwaniritsa ndondomeko yadothi miyala ndi zovuta chifukwa cha refractoriness ake. zitsulo Ichi chinali chifukwa cha kusintha lonse mu moyo wa mafuko steppe. Poyerekeza ndi nyengo yapita m'mabwinja Iron Age ndi yaifupi, koma zothandiza kwambiri. Poyamba, anthu aphunzira meteoric chitsulo. Ena choyambirira ndi zodzikongoletsera mwa izo zapezeka mu Iguputo, Mesopotamiya ndi Asia Minor. Mwazaka, zotsalira awa akhoza zimachitika zoyambirira za lachitatu Zakachikwi BC. Lachiwiri Zakachikwi BC chitsulo miyala ku kupeza luso anali akupangidwa koma si nthawi yaitali zitsulo ankaona malorasprostranonnym mtengo.

Ponseponse kupanga zida ndi zida zachitsulo anachita chinkhoswe mu Palestina, Syria, Asia Minor, ku Caucasus ndi India. Kufalitsidwa kwa zitsulo ili ndi zitsulo chikwiyire zisinthe luso kuti amawapatsa mphamvu ya munthu pa chikhalidwe. Tsopano, wosalira kuchotsa m'madera ambiri nkhalango mbewu. Mwamsanga anapanga wamakono zipangizo ndi kusintha kwa kulima. Choncho, mwamsanga kuphunzira zamanja latsopano, makamaka wosula ndi zida. Musaime pambali shoemakers amene muli zipangizo bwino. Omanga nyumba ndi Anthuwa anayamba kugwira ntchito bwino kwambiri.

Kufotokoza zotsatira za Iron Age, izo Tingaone kuti pa chiyambi cha nthawi yathu ino anali ndi zochita za mitundu yonse yaikulu ya zipangizo dzanja (kupatulapo zomangira ndi lumo). Pogwiritsa ntchito chitsulo kupanga Nthawi zambiri zophweka kumanga misewu, kukhala kosavuta patsogolo luso usilikali, ndipo iwonso anakhala zitsulo ndalama. Iron Age inapita patsogolo ndi chikwiyire azingokhala dongosolo wosazindikira limodzi ndi mapangidwe kalasi anthu ndi boma. madera ambiri pa nthawiyo Pamilunguyo otchedwa demokalase asilikali.

njira zotheka chitukuko

Dziwani kuti chitsulo meteoritic zedi yaing'ono kulibe komabe mu Igupto, koma zitsulo kufala zidatheka ndi chiyambi cha yadothi. Poyamba, chitsulo isungunuke kokha pamene chofunika. Choncho, makombo a inclusions zitsulo apezeka Syria ndi Iraq zipilala zimene zinamangidwa palibe pasanafike zaka 2700 BC. Koma pambuyo 11 m'ma BC, mbuye wosula East Anatolia kudziwa sayansi kupanga dongosolo la zinthu zachitsulo. Mfundo ndi ovuta sayansi yatsopano zobisika ndi munaupereka ku mibadwomibadwo. Woyamba anapezazo mbiri, natsimikiza kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zitsulo kupanga zida, wolembedwa mu Israel, ndicho ku Gerari pafupi Gaza. Pali chiwerengero chachikulu cha makasu, zikwakwa ndi openers yachitsulo apezeka pachibwenzi kwa nthawi pambuyo 1200 BC. Komanso mu zofukula m'mabwinja malo ng'anjo anapezeka.

Special luso processing zitsulo za ambuye a kumadzulo kwa Asia, kumene iwo anabwereka mwini Greece, Italy ndi ena a ku Ulaya. British zisinthe luso akhoza zimachitika nthawi pambuyo pa chaka 700 BC, ndi kumene iye anayambira ndipo anayamba bwino kwambiri. Egypt ndi Africa North ndi chidwi chitukuko cha chitsulo pa nthawi yomweyo kulanda zina luso kum'mwera. amisiri Chinese pafupifupi kwathunthu anasiya mkuwa ndi ankaona Kutembenuka chitsulo. Atsamunda Ulaya nzeru zawo za luso processing zitsulo ku Australia ndi ku New World. Pambuyo Kutulukira bellows chitsulo kuponyedwa kutumizidwa pa misa lonse. Osewera chitsulo wasanduka nkhani yofunika kupanga mitundu yonse ya zinthu banja ndi zida za nkhondo, amene anali kutsogolera kwa chitukuko cha mafakitale zipatso.