Ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani chiyambi cha kusamuka lalikulu la anthu, ndipo kodi zotsatira zake?

Ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani chiyambi cha kusamuka lalikulu la anthu, mbiri yakale kwa tsiku sipakhala. Amaganiza kuti pakati wachiwiri ndi chiwiri m'ma AD, mafuko yambiri ya Huns, Alans, Germany ndi ena. Anachotsedwa malo awo okhala ndipo anapita kwa kum'mwera kumadzulo, kumene anakakhala malire chapamwamba wa Volga ndi Don, mu UK, Spain ndi Gau, onongani nthawi yomweyo Western Roma ndi "kumaliza kaye" zotsala za dziko wakale. Chifukwa cha kuyanjana anthu Latinized wachiroma akunjawo mafuko inakhala maziko a mitundu ano Romance, ndi zambiri mfundo ina komanso chikhalidwe zathaŵa nkhope ya Dziko Lapansi.

Chifukwa Kusamuka kwa anthu anali kusintha kwa nyengo?

Ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani chiyambi cha kusamuka lalikulu la anthu? Ndipo kodi zotsatira? Tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti zotsatira za ndondomekoyi sankadziwika anali mapangidwe mapu andale komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana Ulaya watsopano, amene kenako ngati kusintha kwakukulu akukonza kenanso. Chifukwa misa kusamuka inayamba zambiri, kusintha kwa nyengo, kudziwika monga pessimum nyengo oyambirira Ages Middle. Akukhulupirira kuti ndondomeko imeneyi wayamba m'madera osiyana mu zaka 250-450 AD ndi kwathunthu anamaliza kwinakwake mu chaka 750.

Pa pessimum pafupifupi kutentha pachaka anakhala pafupi theka la mlingo pansipa wabwinobwino, chifukwa mu angapo zigawo ndi mavuto adzaoneni, monga nyengo anakhala nyengo wetter - yozizira.

Zimayambitsa kuchepa anthu

Pofuna kudziwa ndi chifukwa chiyambi cha kusamuka lalikulu la anthu, ndipo kodi zotsatira, m'pofunika kuphunzira kusintha mu zikhalidwe za kukhalako kwa anthu a Kumpoto kwa Ulaya mu nthawi ya pansi obwereza. Asayansi apeza kuti pa zaka amene ali Alps kwambiri kuchuluka kusamvana ayezi. Motero, nkhalango malire ankatembenukira ndi mamita 200 pansi. Chifukwa kulephera ozizira mbewu anali anati m'madera amapiri kukhala kosatheka kukula mbewu ndi kutulutsa vinyo pa North Sea gombe ndi South wa England zigawo chifukwa cha khama la mikuntho anataya angapo a dziko, kuphatikizapo chonde.

An Baibulo zina

Taonani pamene ndiponso chifukwa ndi pamene chiyambi cha kusamuka lalikulu la anthu, ndipo kodi zotsatira (mwachidule) monga chitsanzo wapezeka wa alternating nyengo optima pessimums ndi (mu ananena kuwonjezeka otsiriza kutentha), ndi kuzirala lotsatira zichitike m'tsogolomu.

Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti asamuke kum'mwera kwa amitundu akhala penapake kale, pamene Roma ofunda Nyengo pamene kutentha anali madigiri 1-2 pamwamba yachibadwa, ndipo pali mvula yokwanira, amene pamodzi chinathandiza chitukuko cha ulimi, ziweto, limene pamapeto kunadzetsa ndi kuchuluka. Chinawonjezeka chiwerengero cha mafuko a Gepids, Vandals ndi wokonzeka anatsogolera chakuti ena a mwa iwo adapita kwa kum'mwera ndipo anakakhala ku Nyanja Black ndi Carpathian Mapiri pamaso Wamkulu Ataliatali.

Zonse zinayamba ndi chilumba cha Gotland

Olemba mbiri ena, kuganizira funso liti ndipo chifukwa chiyambi cha kusamuka lalikulu la anthu a Germany, ananena kuti mwina ndondomeko chinayamba ndi zotsatira za mafuko Germany wokonzeka Gotland ndi kum'mwera kwa Sweden ano kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma AD choyamba.

Motsogozedwa ndi Mfumu berig mafuko Gothic anafika pa dera la masiku ano Poland, kumene Vandals atathamangitsidwa Rugova kukhonda kuti abwerere kum'mwera zina. Choncho malire a Ufumu wa Roma m'zaka wachiwiri kwa nthawi yoyamba tinafika anthu Germany amene anayamba kukakamiza geopolitical chilli yaikulu imeneyo.

Nzothandiza ku Asia

Kuyankhula za pamene ndi chifukwa chiyambi cha kusamuka lalikulu la anthu, tisaiwale kuti pa gawo yake yogwira ntchito, mosakayika bwanji zapadera. Izi kuukira mafuko a Huns ku Ulaya, 354 BC, pamene ankhondowo anagonjetsa mafuko Alan mu North Caucasus nakhala boma Ostrogothic akuthamanga Germanarika, kukakamiza mafuko kumadzulo (375 chaka).

About Huns okha mfundo zochepa. Ena mwa anthu olemba mbiri amakhulupirira kuti Huns - mtundu "Huns" ( "Xiongnu"), amene ankakhala pa unakhota wa Yellow Mtsinje ndipo analenga dziko loyamba woyendayendawu ufumu. Mu nkhondo ndi mafuko yapafupi, ndi Huns anagonjetsedwa ndi kukakamizidwa kuti mupewe kumadzulo, kumene inawombana ndi mafuko a Germany. Komabe, asayansi ambiri sakhulupirira Hsiung-Chinese, ndi kukhulupirira kuti iwo ali kapena proto-Turkey, amene nthawi zonse ankatengedwa aukali ndi kukhetsa mwazi zokwanira.

Tsoka zaka 536-537. BC

Kusanthula pamene ndi chifukwa anayamba kusamuka lalikulu la anthu, m'pofunika tione kuti pakati pa zaka za m'ma 6 panali zochitika nyengo yochepa lonse lonse. Iwo anali yodziwika ndi kuchepa chilungamo mumlengalenga kumlingo kuti m'nthawi ya chochitika analemba kuti dzuwa likuwala ngati mwezi. Amaganiza kuti zodabwitsazi zachilengedwe zinali chifukwa cha kuphulika lalikulu chiphala, otentha (tavurvur kapena Krakatoa) kapena chifukwa kuwombana ndi lalikulu asteroid dziko. Zimenezi zinachitika mu ulamuliro Justinian m'zaka 536-537. AD ndipo anali limodzi ndi mabomba a nyerere, ndi Huns ndi Asilavo ku Thrace ndi Illyria, ndi ataya alionse mu North China (mpaka 80%), ndi resettlement wa Asilavo pa Elbe, ku m'tsinde mwa Alps, malire m'munsi wa Danube ndi Rhine Upper.

Ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani chiyambi cha kusamuka lalikulu la anthu? Ngati nthendayo ali wolakwa?

Chiwerengero anatenga njala ndi zoipa kukolola kum'mwera, kumenyana ndi mbadwa ndi maiko analandidwa. Komanso, mu nthawi iyi panali kusintha causative wothandizila mliri (kapena skid ndi thupi mlendo), zimene zinachititsa kuti matenda chawola.

Iwo akhoza amanena kuti chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mapu andale komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Europe panthawiyo anali kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri, kufulumira ndondomeko - kuukira Hun mafuko mu fuko European.

Ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani chiyambi cha kusamuka lalikulu la anthu? Ndipo kodi zotsatira? Nkhanizi ayenera kuonedwa kuti mumve. Pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Huns mazana anai zaka BC mafuko akale Germany a Franc anayamba kutenga m'madera wachokera ku Rome ano Netherlands, zinali ndi Frisians ndi Batavians. Mu 401, mfumu ya West ndi wokonzeka Alaric, anavutika anazinga pamaso Constantinople, nachoka pambuyo m'mayiko Greek mu 395, amene anapanga nkhondo yoopsa ndi adani, anagwidwa ndi asilikali ake mafuko a Alps ndipo adalowa Italy, amene ankaona nerazgrablennoy wolemera dziko, kotero ngati icho chinali sanawonedwe akunjawo. M'chaka cha chaka 402 Alaric anaopseza kulanda anthu Tuscany ndi Rome yokha, koma nkhondo ya Pollentia lero anagonjetsedwa ndipo anatuluka m'dziko Italy. Apa iye adzakhala nthawi ina.

Patapita zaka zingapo (406), kusiyana kunabuka pakati pa mafuko a Alans, ndi Vandals ndi Afulanki Alamanni pa dziko pa magombe a Rhine, chifukwa cha zomwe Afulanki anasamukira kumanzere kumpoto gombe, ndipo Alemany - gawo kum'mwera. Vandals ndi Suevi (Germany mafuko a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya) mu 409 anafika ku Spain, kumene anakakhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Iberia.

Kugwa kwa Rome pozunzidwa mwankhanza wa Visigoths

Ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani chiyambi cha kusamuka lalikulu la anthu, ndipo kodi zotsatira, m'pofunika kudziwa aliyense, chifukwa lonse ndondomeko zimenezi zili zochititsa chidwi.

Mu 410 Visigoth Korol Alarih anabwerera ku Italy ndipo analanda Rome. Izi anali yoyamba kugonjetsedwa kwa Alaric pa Verona, pamene ambiri a asilikali ake m'chipululu, Analeredwa ndi mkulu wa asilikali Stilicho ndi pansi pa Savoy. Alaric yekha anapangana ndi Stilihom mgwirizano boma ndipo kenako anatsogolera kanthu olowa kupambana kuchokera ku Constantinople mu mtima mwa madera Ufumu wa kum'mawa Iluriko. Komabe, Western ndi kum'mawa Ufumu panthawi ina analowa zokambirana ndi asilikali Alaric sanali kufuna.

Aukali nkhondo zikho anapita kuchotsa zawo. Iwo kukakamiza olamulira a Roma tione thandizo la chiwombolo kuchuluka kwa tonnes ziwiri zagolide pa nerazgrablenie madera ena a Italy, koma anakanidwa, chifukwa mu katatu kuzinga Rome, kusintha Alaric ku mbali ya kuchuluka kwa akapolo, ndi kugwa kwa Rome mu zaka August 410.

mafuko Germany ndi akapolo kulanda katundu mu mzindawo ndi kutentha nyumba zambiri, osati wokhudza ndi mabungwe a mpingo, monga Alaric ankaona kuti Chikhristu Visigoths zokopa. Komanso, asilikali ake anapita kum'mwera kwa Italy ku mapulani Sicily adani ndi kuwolokera ku gombe la Africa, kumene Alaric anali kupita kupeza mbewu chokwana kudyetsa anthu ake. Komabe, madongosolo awa sichinatheke, monga mkuntho mu Khwalala la Messina Amira ambiri a ngalawa. Alaric chabwerera kumpoto ku Gau, koma anafa pa njira yochokera ku mudzi wa Cosenza, ndi zotsala za asilikali ake komanso anthu wosanganiza ndi anthu akomweko.

Kusamutsidwa a mitundu mzake

Ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani chiyambi cha kusamuka lalikulu la anthu? Mwachidule, ndondomeko izi kuyamba ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, tinganene motere: mu 415 AD, CE anayamba kukakamiza ku Spain mafuko Vandals, Alans, amene anali kumeneko kale. M'chaka 449 ndi achingelezi mafuko ndi mitundu zimayambitsa zidatunsidwa kuchoka kwa Jutland chilumba ku Germany, mu Britain, kumene atathamangitsidwa Acelt Akristu, kupanga angapo limati yaing'ono. Chaka chotsatira, izo itakula Kusamuka kwa anthu kudutsa malire a masiku ano Romania - Gepids, Huns anawoloka mu 450, ndi Avars - 456 G Bulgars ndi Asilavo - mu 680 AD

Mu zaka 451-452. chitukuko Roma imachita bwino ntchito asilikali motsutsa Huns wa Attila wadazi, pamene Ostrogoths zatenga masiku ano Hungary mu 453 ndi chimakankhira iwo ndi vandals ku Malta mu 454 BC, ndi Vandals anakakhala Sardinia (kuchokera 458). Mu 476, mkulu German kuugonjetsa otsiriza Roma. Ufumu wa Roma (West) Kodi udzawonongedwa.

Kenako (za 486 zaka) Afulanki kukhazikika pa gawo la France ano, Bayern kubwera ku Czech Republic ku Bavaria panopa, Asilavo - m'mayiko Danubian woyambawo ufumu wa Aroma, ndipo Chiburetoni, ukapolo achingelezi anthu a Britain, m'munsi panopa Brittany.

Kutsiriza ndondomeko

Ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani chiyambi cha kusamuka lalikulu la anthu, ndipo kodi zotsatira zake? kalasi 6 sukulu - kuphunzira mwa chidule za ndondomeko imeneyi.

Amadziwika kuti zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi AD, mafuko Asilavo wotanganidwa dziko kumpoto kwa Germany amakono (Mecklenburg), ndi Ostrogoths litalanda pafupifupi lonse la Italy kwa 550 ndi 585 - ndipo lonse la Spain, pamene 570 Austria wotsika ndipo tsopano Hungary wotanganidwa wongosamukasamuka Avars ku Asia.

Itha ndondomeko m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri, ndi kusamuka wa Asilavo kum'mawa kwa Elbe, ndi Croatia ndi Serbia - mu Dalmatia zamakono Bosnia, komanso m'madera ena a Ufumu wa Byzantium. Chiŵerengero cha atabwerera ndipo anafa pa yosamutsa anthu Sizikudziwika, koma, monga asayansi, mamiliyoni a anthu ankakhulupirira kuti masamu.