Bromo kuphulika ku Indonesia: chithunzi ndi kufotokozera

Zokongola Indonesia ndi chikhalidwe pristine ndi zowoneka wapadera nthawi anakopeka alendo. wokongola dziko amazipanga, chomwe ndi zilumba zoposa 13 000 chiyambi chiphala kalekale ndi miyeso yolinganizira kwa zosowa. Kodi mungathe kuona akachisi otchuka, kumasuka pa mchenga golide, pitani pa maulendo zosangalatsa, kuti ndizolowere chikhalidwe wapadera wa anthu zakwawoko. Indonesia - malo odabwitsa, kumene gombe tchuthi pamodzi yogwira, amene kwambiri waife apaulendo.

mapiri ku Indonesia

padziko lonse lapansi zilumba ili mu zone zolakwa tectonic, chifukwa pali mapiri ambiri ndi matalala. Iwo amakhala maginito kwambiri kwa onse amene akudziwa malo a boma, wodzala ndi mitundu yowala.

Mapiri ndinu mmodzi wa waukulu zokopa za Indonesia, ndi kuyenda maulendo ali otchuka kwambiri. Yang'anani mu gehena weniweni, loto la alendo ambiri amene alowa pa ulendo wautali.

Park National ku Java

Chimodzi mwa mapiri wotchuka kum'mawa dziko lachisanu yaikulu ya boma chilumbachi ndi kukopa alendo kukongola choopsa. Mmodzi wa wamphamvu kwambiri ndi zowononga zochitika zachilengedwe, zomwe angathe kuwononga mizinda yonse, mumasilira ukulu wapadera.

Island National Park, Java, Bromo-Tengger-Semeru ndi ambiri anapita chiphala zovuta. Omwe ali mbali ya phiri massif, ndi lotseguka chaka chonse, koma tiyenera kukumbukira kuti yamvula (November-March) chifukwa mpweya pano sangathe anafika.

nyengo ali kutali ndi paki tchuthi: Avereji tsiku kutentha si upambana madigiri 20 ndi kugwa kwa ziro usiku.

Phiri wotchuka kwambiri Indonesia

Apa ndi pamene ali wotchuka kuphulika Bromo, kuona kuti alendo kubwera ku ngodya zonse za dziko lapansi. Ndi otchuka chifukwa kugula ake zosavuta ndi zonse zochitika zivomerezi. Pamwamba pa phiri anawononga pambuyo pa chivomezi lotsatira, ndipo tsopano chodabwitsa zachilengedwe ndi Chigwa yakusatetezeka lalikulu ndi awiri mamita 600, zikuwoneka zachilendo kwambiri.

Ataliatali pa m'deralo, phiri Bromo, amene kutalika mamita 2379, zikuwoneka amazipanga chidwi m'mawa ndi madzulo.

zaka zoposa 25 zikwi zapitazo, malo awa anali stratovolcano conical mawonekedwe, wopangidwa mwa zigawo chiphalaphala. Pambuyo chivomezi, iye asaluza pamwamba wake, ndipo izi zinachititsa kuti pakhale mchenga caldera (maganizo Chigwa cha). Chifukwa cha chiwonongeko anaonekera yogwira chiphalaphala ndi chidwi chachikulu alendo kokha, komanso asayansi.

nsembe kwa milungu

Pa phazi la chimphona Indians moyo, amene kugwera mu pakamwa pa phiri lopatulika chakudya, zomera kapena zinyama pofuna kusangalatsa milungu. Kuyambira kale, Phiri Bromo, wazunguliridwa ndi nthano, malo miyambo yosiyanasiyana odzipereka. Mwachitsanzo, cholinga cha ululu zachilengedwe Yadnya Kasada chikondwerero kumatenga za mwezi, imene anapanga akubweletsa mphatso nsembe ndi kupemphera kwa milungu Hindu, kupempha dalitso.

mwambo amabwerera m'ma XV kum'mawa kwa chilumba cha Java. Bromo kuphulika wakhala seismically oopsa ndipo kokha miyoyo wolimba anapita ku Chigwa pa ntchito yake.

A kukopa wapadera - msonkhano m'mawa Bromo

Alendo kuthamangira chilumba kukakomana ndi dzuwa m'mphepete mwa Chigwa cha mkati limene lili Bromo. Ndi kotero zosaneneka kuona kuti anakumbukira moyo wonse. M'mawa, zinayi koloko m'mawa, pa mchenga, anapanga chifukwa cha kuphulika zonse, ndipo kukupitirira makilomita 10, kupanga njira alendo awo. Pamwamba akufanana ndi chigwa mwezi Ndimagoma ndi maonekedwe ake zachilendo.

otopa apaulendo kukwera theka la 300-mita mkulu makwerero, yokutidwa ndi nkhungu wosanjikiza la phulusa, ndiye imani pa nsanja kuonera amene ali mwangwiro kuonekera kuphulika. Pano mukhoza kugula ku m'deralo maluwa a zitsamba zouma ndipo mum'ponye Chigwa pofuna kusangalatsa chimphona.

Pakati pa wosabereka chigwa mchenga mu mdima kuzindikira mfundo zazikulu za ovuta chokhala chimphona chachikulu. Pamene Chifunga ankakhala moyo wotayirira, pamaso pa alendo limapezeka mu ulemerero wake onse amphamvu kuphulika Bromo ku Indonesia, otsetsereka a omwe mosatsata zamasamba, nawumitsa chiphalaphala ndi phulusa amafanana mitunda anapsa zipululu.

Kubadwa kwa tsiku latsopano

cheza wamanyazi dzuwa, akupanga njira yawo kupyolera mu mapiri, kuwonjezera sewero kuwala ndi mthunzi, ndi kokha kamera kamera analanda kusintha chidwi zikuchitika m'makwinya a m'zigwa za phiri. Chilichonse chimachitika mofulumira kuti maso athu padakali kayendedwe ka mphezi dzuwa.

Kuwala zimabwerera chigwa lonse, chimene chimatchedwa "nyanja ya mchenga", wosasiya mwayi usiku mdima. Kubadwa tsiku, akusandutsa mapiri ndi zigwa mu malankhulidwe golide. Ku nsanja kuonerera ndi zosaiwalika akuyang'ana lina ndi mesmerizing maganizo ethereal kukongola yaikulu ya chikhalidwe. malo A akuoneka ngati screensaver kuti filimu wosangalatsa, masamba chidwi.

Yekha Chigwa chachikulu mosavuta kuzungulira kukafika kutsogolo kwa mphindi makumi asanu, ndi kukwera Mphepete mwa phiri tikuyamba mpweya. Komabe, si anthu onse wolimba angayerekeze zoterezi ulendo ndi kukhalapo zochepa pa kuonerera sitimayo, zithunzi malo apadera. Pamene anazindikira mwa alendo, ngati inu muzipita ku mamita makumi kwambiri, kuoneka ngati yopuma kuchokera potulukira zibonga woyera wa woipa sulfure.

Hindu kachisi ndi tenggerov m'mudzi

Pa phazi la Bromo ndi zinamangidwa chomveka Hindu kachisi Pura Luhur Poten Bromo pansi pa thambo lotseguka, ndipo ngakhale m'mawa, mukhoza kuyang'ana kwa. Nthawi zina kudzazika ndi phulusa, ndi kukumba am'deralo, amene amakhulupirira kuti chilombo choopsa ndi khomo kumidima.

Pa nsonga ya caldera ndi m'mudzi waung'ono Chemoro Lawang - kopita wotchuka kwambiri pakati apaulendo amene anafika kusangalala chikhalidwe cha Java. Tenggery kuno, amene asunga njira Hindu wa moyo lero, kulambira mulungu ndi kufunsa kuphulika Bromo pa anthu osati kutumiza chiphalaphala moto.

Mudzi akuyamba kugwiritsa kuona, kotero nyumba mitengo pano ndi lalitali. Alendo kuno amatiuza kuti ndalama chipinda chimodzi mu hotelo zingakhale oposa 100 zikwi rupees (10 madola). Koma chifukwa cha bwino m'mudzi malo - m'mphepete mwa phompho, amene amapereka view lalikulu la phiri - kuchokera kupanda alendo palibe akuvutika.

Bromo kuphulika: bwanji kuti kumeneko?

Kupyola mu mzinda Probolingo (Probolinggo) akuthamanga minibasi, zimafunika ku malo oyenera - m'mudzi Cemoro Lawang, ili ola limodzi kuyenda mtunda phirilo. Transport amapita pa ulendo ku siteji ya basi pafupi ndi maofesi basi, ndipo yolipirira ndi 35-45 zikwi rupees. Drive panjira Njoka amatenga maola awiri.

Pofuna kukwaniritsa Probolingo akhoza basi kapena Denpasar Yogyakarta (maola 11), Malang (maola 2.5). Amene akufuna kupita m'sitima adzasankha poyambira wa mzinda wachiwiri kukula mu Indonesia - Surabaya.

Ngati alendo kupita ku phiri pa Bali, njira zawo umadutsa doko Gilimanuk, ili kumadzulo kwa chilumbachi. The bwato, amene amapita ku Java, kuyendabe panjira yopita kwa ola limodzi, ndipo kuchokera endpoint - Ketapang - pa galimoto maola asanu basi ku mudzi wa Lawang Chemoro.

Travel Zokuthandizani

Pitani Phiri Bromo akhoza kukhala mu nyengo youma, yomwe imayamba mu May ndipo itha September.

Amene akufuna kuona dzuwa pa phiri, muyenera kusamalira zovala ofunda, chifukwa choonera nsanja, panali kuwomba mphepo, ozizira kwambiri. Kuvomerezedwa ndi nkhope chigoba kuti adzateteza ndi phulusa yophimba zipembedzo zonse ndi footpaths. Ambiri ngakhale kugula respirators. Komanso, muyenera nkhani yapadera ndi mandala pa kamera, kotero kuliyang'anira pasadakhale.

Zithunzi okondweretsa analandira wopanda mitambo usiku, pamene kuona nyenyezi wothwanima wa Milky Way pamwamba phiri Bromo. Monga kukongola kwa zodabwitsa choonetsedwa kumenyedwa mtima, ndi anthu enanso ambirimbiri amene lonyezimira magetsi ndi thambo mdima adzakhala yaitali kukhalabe kukumbukira. Zikuoneka kuti nyenyezi zikhoza kugwiridwa ndi dzanja.

Kukwera masitepe phompho mukhoza ganyu kavalo, koma otsiriza makumi ochepa mamita kwa Chigwa adzakhala ndi kupita nokha. Sikuti kusiya ntchito ya namulondola, yemwe akudziwa chimene mtundu wa malo m'pofunika kuti wozungulira, chifukwa aliyense theka limatulutsa kukopa achilengedwe osati phulusa, koma miyala. Independent kampeni kugwirizana ndi mlingo wa chiopsezo.

Kuti phirilo kulipira mu dziko amalipiritsa paki utumiki (chilolezo) - 220 zikwi rupees. auka Price malingana ndi nyengo ndi kumapeto kwa sabata.

Amphamvu kuphulika chaka chino

Asayansi ambiri chinkhoswe ndi mavuto a zochitika zachilengedwe, kuphatikizapo apaulendo-kafukufuku Oleg Kovtun. Bromo, Semeru kuphulika Ijen ndi nthawizonse zakhala nkhawa za m'deralo, kuopa kumvera inagwedezeka dziko lapansi. Seismologists ntchito ku Indonesia, anachenjezedwa za kuopsa m'chilimwe ndi yophukira anayamba amphamvu kuphulika yoopsa chimphona Bromo - phiri owopsa kwa zaka zoposa 20 Onetsani zonse.

Pakali pano, anthu okhala m'midzi yapafupi wokonzedwera kwa achoke, ndi alendo zoletsedwa tifike ku Chigwa makilomita osakwana awiri. A ndime yaikulu phulusa kukwera pamwamba phiri ndiwokongola ndipo nthawi yomweyo mantha anthu. Miyezi ingapo izi zisanachitike pylil chilombo ndipo hooted, scaring anthu zakwawoko. Modekha dymivshiysya kuphulika Bromo, zithunzi amene weniweni mantha amatsogolera lero, chakumene ndi inasanduka fiend.

Blue anayatsa Idzhena

Mu Java, pali zambiri moto amapuma zimphona, amene kukongola enchants alendo. Mighty mapiri Bromo ndi Ijen kalekale kukhala chizindikiro cha dziko, ndi kuwawona iwo akubwera kwa alendo amene anamva chidwi m'deralo.

Travel Ijen chiphalaphala amene anapereka dzina kwa National Park, chotchuka kwambiri. Mungayembekezere mkati ndi kuona steaming chimphona wodzazidwa ndi asidi sulfuric otentha nyanja. Mabanja mankhwala owopsa saloledwa kukhala kuno kwa nthawi yaitali. Nthawi zina sulfure uyatsa, kenako pali wokongola kuwala buluu, ndiwo chidwi kwambiri anthu.

Monga inu mwina anazindikira, kubwera kwa Java - izi zikutanthauza kusiya m'chikumbumtima ake chizindikiro kukoma a zochitika zodabwitsa zachilengedwe.