Native mawu Russian: zitsanzo. Russian mawu achikale

M'nkhaniyi, tiona ngati formations chinenero mawu achikale ndi mbadwa Russian. Pa chiyambi cha mawu mbadwa Russian si yunifolomu. Amakhala ndi zigawo zingapo, zimene amasiyana nthawi ya asayembekezere.

Indoevropeizmy

Akale kwambiri a Russian indoevropeizmy wakale, amene ali, mawu amene wadutsa mu chinenero chathu pa nthawi ya mgwirizano m'mayiko a ku Ulaya. Mu mfundo ofufuza, panali chitukuko m'mayiko a ku Ulaya mu zaka 5-4 BC, mkati limene ogwirizana mafuko osiyanasiyana kukhala ndi malo mwachilungamo lalikulu. Malinga ndi kafukufuku ndi asayansi, malowa anatambasula ku Yenisei Mtsinje Volga Mtsinje. Enanso amanena kuti anali South Russian kapena Balkan-Danube kutanthauzira. Mudzi zinenero monga m'mayiko a ku Ulaya, chinali chiyambi cha zilankhulo za ku Ulaya, komanso ena Asian (monga Chisansikiriti, Chibengali).

Mawu, kubwerera ku proto chinenero, zochokera dera lino akuimira nyama, zomera, mchere ndi zitsulo, mtundu wa kasamalidwe, zipangizo, mitundu zimakhalira ndi ena - ndi Russian mawu mbadwa. Zitsanzo: nsomba, thundu, nkhandwe, tsekwe, mkuwa, nkhosa, uchi, mkuwa, mwana, mayi, usiku, mwana wamkazi, matalala, magnifier, latsopano, madzi, ndi stitching ena.

mawu Common Chisilavo

Wosanjikiza lotsatira mawu mbadwa Russian zikuphatikizapo Common Chisilavo, limene tinatengera kwa wamba Asilavo (ie Proto-Asilavo) Chirasha. Iwo ankagwira ntchito ngati njira yopezera osati a chinenero chathu, komanso Asilavo ena onse. Chinenero-m'munsi analipo m'nthawi ya mbiri isanayambe pa dera la Vistula, ndi Bug ndi Dnieper. Malowa anali anthu mafuko wakale wa Asilavo. Common Asilavo chinenero mu 6-7 zaka BC anakomoka. N'kutsegula njira ya chitukuko cha zinenero Asilavo, umene uli ku Russian akale. N'zosavuta kuti aime Common m'Chisilavo mawu mwa iwo, analengedwa ndi lodziwikiratu lero. Pakuti auka wamba Asilavo chinenero ndi Russian. Primordially Russian Common m'Chisilavo mawu monga ngati mbali yofunika.

Ambiri mwa iwo ali manauni. Choyamba, ndi mayina zopatsa Russian mawu mbadwa. Zitsanzo: kukhosi, mutu, mtima, ndevu munda, kanjedza, nkhalango, mapiri, mapulo, birch, ng'ombe, ng'ombe, nyundo, mpeni, foloko, woyandikana naye nyumba, khoka, kapolo, mlendo, bwenzi, ndi spinner, m'busa, woumba mbiya.

Pali umboni, koma iwo ali ang'onoang'ono kwambiri. Awa: chifuniro, chikhulupiriro, tchimo, kutsutsika, ulemerero, chimwemwe, kuganiza, anakwiya kwambiri.

Pakati mbali zina za mawu awa akuimira mu mawu ambiri Asilavo ndi kasewenzetsedwe ka mau: kumva, kuona, kunama, kukula. Adjectives: akale, achinyamata, akathyali, anzeru. Mawerengero: atatu, awiri, wina. Akuti: inu, ife, inu. Pronominal adverbs: kumene. Ena mawu ntchito: pa, inde, ndipo monga pamwambapa, ndi Russian ena mbadwa mawu. Zitsanzo zikhoza anapitiriza.

mawu Common Asilavo panopa zikwi ziwiri mawu, koma izi ndithu mawu kakang'ono - pachimake Russian dictionary. Pamafunikanso kwambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mawu stylistically ndale kuti ntchito zonse mu kulemba ndi kulankhula.

Anali gwero lake la Proto-Asilavo chinenero Asilavo mitundu yake, amene lexical, kalembedwe ndi phokoso mbali zosiyanasiyana ndi popeleka ma mu izi magulu atatu: kum'mawa, kumadzulo ndi kum'mwera.

Kum'mawa mawu Asilavo

Wosanjikiza lachitatu limene likupezeka Chirasha m'gulu la mawu a Old Russian (East Asilavo) chinenero. Izi kale nthawi ina, limene limagwira ntchito ku chiyambi cha mawu wakale Russian. mawu Tikhoza kuwerenganso zimenezi pa maziko a chinenero East Asilavo, limodzi la magulu atatu, amene amaphatikizidwa Old Asilavo. nthawi yake yatsoka - 7-9 m'ma AD. Ndi okhala ku Eastern Europe mapangano kumbuyo mafuko Ukraine, Russian ndi Chibelarusi anthu. Ndicho chifukwa nyengo yonse ili mu mawu athu chinenero amadziwika ndi zina ziwiri: Chibelarusi ndi Ukraine, koma palibe zinenero a kum'mwera ndi Asilavo kumadzulo.

Mukhoza kusankha zotsatirazi wa chinenero East Asilavo. Monga ntchito mawu amenewa m'chinenero kuyambira pa chiyambi, izo sichinachotsedwebe, kumakhalanso Russian mawu mbadwa. zitsanzo:

- mayina a mbalame, nyama, gologolo, galu, bakha, khwangwala, bullfinch;

- mayina a zipangizo: tsamba, nkhwangwa;

- maina a zinthu m'banja: ndowa, nsapato, ruble, ndi bokosi lamaliro;

- mayina a anthu ntchito: kuphika, kalipentala, Miller, nsapato;

- mayina a m'midzi yosiyanasiyana: Pamudzi, mudzi, ndi magulu ena lexical-zamalankhulidwe.

mawu kwenikweni Russian

Kenako, wosanjikiza yachinayi, zimene angathe kubwezeretsedwanso - kwenikweni mawu Russian, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa pambuyo m'ma 14, mwachitsanzo nthawi palokha chitukuko cha Chibelarusi, Chiyukireniya ndi zinenero Russian. Iwo kale kuoneka zofanana awo mawu a zinthu zina kapena zochitika.

Kwenikweni mawu Russian akhoza kuwasiyanitsa pa maziko a otumphukira: a ukukamba, ndi womanga nyumba, mudzi, ndi cloakroom, ndi kuwasokoneza ena.

Tikumbukenso kuti zikuchokera ngati chinenero ingakhalenso mawu ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana za mizu si mbadwa kuti apita derivation ndi linalanda prefixes Russian, suffixes (sanali achipani, gulu, wolamulira, ndewu, ketulo, galasi), komanso ndi maziko zovuta (sitima , wailesi wagawo). Iwo mulinso zosiyanasiyana mawu slozhnosokraschennyh, omwe m'zaka za m'ma 20 anagwirizana chinenero chathu: khoma nyuzipepala, LPH, Mat ndi ena.

Tsopano mawu mbadwa Russian chikukulirakulirabe ndi inclusions watsopano, amene analengedwa ndi thandizo la mawu zomanga chuma cha chinenero chathu chifukwa cha njira zosiyanasiyana za mawu mapangidwe.

Russian mawu achikale

Osati mwachangu ntchito mawu si yomweyo kutha kwa icho. Amvetsa chifukwa nthawi zina kulankhula naye, kudziwika kwa ife mwa ntchito za zopeka. Ngakhale kulankhula mchitidwe wa tsiku ndi tsiku amafunika kwa iwo salinso nawo. mawu awa ndiwo malo chabe mawu ndipo m'madikishonale yosiyanasiyana wapadera amalembedwa kuti "achikale.".

mawu ndondomeko archaization

Childs archaization ndondomeko atuluka pang'onopang'ono. Mwa mawu achikale choncho pali anthu amene ali ndi chidwi "ndi" (monga Chotero, chofiira, reche, vorog, mwana). Ena mawu a yogwira zikuchokera zichokera kwa chakuti iwo a Old Russian nyengo ya kukula. Nthawi zina mawu zimasintha m'kanthawi kocepa, kuwonekera ndipo anazimiririka ku nthawi atsopano. Mwachitsanzo, "Shkraba" zikutanthauza kuti 20s "mphunzitsi". mawu monga "antchito", "NKVD" lotha msanga kwambiri. Kodi si nthawi zonse ndi nomination ngati lolingana zolemba m'madikishonale monga ndondomeko archaism akhoza anazindikira ngakhale kwathunthu ndithu.

Zimayambitsa archaism

Pali zifukwa zosiyanasiyana archaization mawu. Iwo angathe kukhala extralinguistic (extralinguistic) chikhalidwe, ngati kugwirizana kukana kwa ntchito mawu ena ndi kusinthika chikhalidwe. Koma angakhalenso pokhapo titachitapo ndi zinenero malamulo. Adverbs "dzanja lamanja", "oshuyu" (kumanja, kumanzere) Mwachitsanzo, pa mawu yogwira mbisoweka chifukwa chakuti ikuyambitsa wa manauni ( "kumanzere dzanja" - "Shuitsev" ndi "dzanja lamanja" - "dzanja lamanja") arhaizovalis. Zikatero, pazochitika yovuta kwambiri ntchito zokhudza zonse ubale wa mayunitsi zosiyanasiyana lexical. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito mawu anachoka "Shuitsev", ndipo potsatira ndisungunuka pa yemweyo zamalankhulidwe kugwirizana mawu osiyanasiyana amene ophatikizidwa deta mizu zakale. "Shulga" Mwachitsanzo, m'chilankhulo sanali anapitiriza mu tanthauzo la "lamanzere" nakhalabe monga mwa dzina lake, chimene chinayambira ku dzina la. Kotero tsopano mawu ntchito. Za chinenero cha Chirasha, njira mwa izo, inu mukhoza kulankhula nthawi yaitali. Zonsezi ndi chidwi kwambiri. Ife mwachidule, mu Mwachitsanzo, pofotokoza ndondomeko lililonse.

Zinagwa anatomical zotsatirazi mabanja: oshuyu-lamanja, m'dzanja lamanja Shuitsev; kugwirizana n'chimodzimodzi (kumanzere oshuyu). Koma mawu akuti "dzanja lamanja" kwa nthawi yaitali, ngakhale asapita archaization dongosolo kugwirizana nazo izo, umachitika mu chinenero chathu. Mwachitsanzo, m'nyengo Pushkin linagwiritsidwa ntchito chinenero ndakatulo, "mkulu kalembedwe," mawu. About Chirasha akhoza amatchedwa zonse kusinthika, kuti mawu ali chakale - masoka njira. Mawu "oshuyu" amakhalabe kokha ngati Echo wa chachikale chinkawavuta, ntchito kokha ndi nkhani satirical, izo zikanakhala zotheka pa nthawi.

The zikuchokera mawu a chakale

Chakale mawu sakanikira choyambiriracho. kapangidwe kake zikuphatikizapo Russian mawu pachiyambi (Zitsanzo: Semo, aforesaid, kuti, lzya) ndi staroslavyanizmy (m'chiuno, kukupsopsonani, yosalala), pobwereka ku zinenero zosiyanasiyana ( "politesse" - "ulemu", "Ulendo" - "Ulendo" "abshid" - "pantchito").

Chitsitsimutso mawu achikale

Palinso milandu pamene lotha Russian mawu adzabadwanso, mmbuyo mu malo yogwira mawu. Mwachitsanzo, m'chilankhulo cha Russian masiku ano ntchito manauni zotsatirazi: Minister, msilikali, Ofisala, msilikali, kuti chachikale chinkawavuta pambuyo October. Asinthanitsa njira kuti: commissar anthu, mkulu magawano, Red Army msilikali. Kuyambira mawu a kungochita 20s izo anali anachira Mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti "mtsogoleri", ngakhale mu nthawi ya Pushkin amaona chachikale chinkawavuta ndi m'madikishonale nthawi kumabweretsa zinyalala zake. Lero arhaizuetsya kachiwiri. Azioneka posachedwapa anataya mawu chachikale chinkawavuta ngati Duma, zolimbitsa thupi, dipatimenti Lyceum. Iwo ayesedwa pambuyo 1917 monga historicism lapansi.

historicism

Abwerera kotunga yogwira mawu ena n'chotheka mu zochitika zapadera. Ndi nthawi zonse chifukwa zosiyanasiyana zinthu owonjezera chinenero. Ngati archaization malinga ndi malamulo a zinenero zinaonetsera yogwirizana lexical dongosolo, analandira mawu amatchedwa historicism.

Ena mwa iwo ndi maina mfundo, zochitika ndi zinthu zimene zinafa: chainmail, oprichnik, wapolisi, gendarme, namkungwi ndi hussar, ndi Bolshevik, sukulu, requisitioning, NEP, wamba pakati, ndi kulak, ndi VKP (b) ndi ena. Historicism, monga ulamuliro, ndi chifukwa cha zifukwa owonjezera zinenero: chitukuko cha ulimi, zisinthe, kusintha katundu wa m'nyumba, zida, etc.

Today mu pulogalamuyi sukulu zikuphatikizapo mutu "lotha ndi mbadwa Russian mawu" (kalasi 6). Aliyense ayenera kudziwa osachepera pang'ono za chinenero, mbiri yake chitukuko. Nkhani yathu kwalembedwa pofuna kuwonjezera owerenga chidziwitso cha zigawo zosiyanasiyana za mawu, umene Russian mawu kwambiri.