Mawu Old Russian ndi matanthauzo ake. Zitsanzo mawu wakale

Old Russian mawu mu chinenero chamakono ndi zachilendo, koma aoneka ife chachilendo ndi zovuta kuzimvetsa. Makombo a m'zilembo wakale anafalikira m'dziko Kievan Lazaro kutali, iwo angaimire mawu womwewo ndi malingaliro zaka zikwizikwi zapitazo, akhoza pang'ono kusintha kufunika kwake, ndipo mukhoza adzabadwanso, kutenga latsopano, kutanthauzira ano.

Old Russian ndi Old Asilavo?

Ulendo kwa dziko wakale akhoza kuyamba ndi mau wamba, amene lero zimapezeka zamakono. Mayi, panyumba, amalume, dziko lapansi, nkhandwe, ntchito, maalumali, nkhuni, thundu - pa Russian mawu akale. Koma ndi ziyenda iwo angatchedwe ndi wa Chiyukireniya wakale ndi akale. Padakali zikupezeka m'zinenero izi ndi pafupifupi chimodzimodzi ngati zikwi zapitazo. mawu Old Russian ndi matanthauzo angapezeke mu zipilala ambiri mabuku Asilavo. Mwachitsanzo, buku "The Lay a Igor" - chuma chenicheni kwa okhometsa mawu osiyanasiyana wakale.

Mwina tiyenera kugawa Russian ndi Common m'Chisilavo mawu, koma kuchita izo m'nkhaniyi, palibe kuthekera. Ife tikungodziwa angaone chitukuko cha mawu akale - kuchokera kufunika kwake koyamba kwa ano. Ndipo waukulu zithunzi thandizo phunziro cha zimenezi kungakhale wakale Russian mawu "usodzi".

History mawu

"Pulayimale Chronicle" limafotokoza nkhani ya mmene kalonga Vsevolod mu 1071 mayiko a mumzindawo Vyshgorod "kudzadzipeza deyal nyama." Iwo ankadziwika kuti mawu, ndipo pa nthawi ya Monomakh. Mu "Malangizo" Prince Vladimir limanena kuti "anali huntsman detachment," kuti ali mu dongosolo la makola a, galu zana chala, chiwombankhanga dzanja ndi hawks. Mawu akuti "usodzi" anali kale ndi mawu wamba ndi anatanthauza kuti azisaka, analanda chirombo.

Kenako, m'zaka 13-14 mawu "usodzi" anali nawo pa zikalata testamentary. limatchula "nsomba kudzadzipeza", "Beaver kudzadzipeza" mu mndandanda malamulo. Apa mawu akuti "usodzi" ntchito monga chikhalidwe malo, kusungitsa - malo a dziko umwini payekha ndi mwayi waukulu chifukwa kusaka kapena kusodza. Koma mu chakale ndi tanthauzo latsopano "usodzi" amatanthauza kusaka mothandizidwa adani chirombo kapena nsomba. Muzu wa mawu akanali yemweyo.

Modern "usodzi"

M'mawu lero ndi Nthawi zambiri mawu akuti "usodzi". Only, ngati ena mawu ambiri wakale Russian, ntchito truncated, tanthauzo - tinganene, "usodzi hering'i" kapena "yophukira nsomba za m'nyanja zikuluzikulu." Koma "nsomba pa mimbulu" kapena "nsomba beavers" sitikutanthauza kuti sizingachitike. Kuti muchite izi chinenero chamakono Russian ndi mawu yabwino ndiponso yomveka "kusaka". Koma mawu ovuta "usodzi" ikupezeka kulikonse.

Ana ndi adzukulu

Tiyeni tikumbukire mawu a "Mousetrap The", "mlenje", "msampha" ndi ena. Ndipotu - ana ndi adzukulu a mawu wakale "usodzi". Ena a "ana", "usodzi" sanakhale ndi moyo nthawi ndipo tsopano imapezeka mu mbiri yakale. Mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti "lovitva" anabwera mochedwa kwambiri, "nsomba", koma sanakakhale chinenero cha Chirasha. Lovitva ankadziwika m'zaka 15-17 ndi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito tanthauzo "kusaka". Koma mu nthawi Pushkin ndi mawu sanali.

M'nthawi ya chachikulu ndakatulo "kudzadzipeza" ndi "lovitvy" - stale, mawu opanda moyo. Old Russian "lovitvy" kulibe mu zamakono, koma powona iwo mu buku lakale, inu mukhoza kumvetsa tanthauzo la mawu mosavuta.

"Chinjoka ndi mano" ndi "woyang'anira"

Old Russian mawu ndi kumasulira angapezeke m'madikishonale ambiri. Koma bwanji ngati mawu akale ntchito watsopano, kulingalira masiku ano? mawu Old Russian ndi matanthauzo ake, monga mmene uonela, zikusinthira ndi nthawi. Chitsanzo chabwino akhoza mokwanira kudziwika mabuku akale Russian mawu akuti "chinjoka mano" ndi "woyang'anira".

Mawu akuti "mano chinjoka" anali wodziwika mu zonse Russian asilikali terminology zaka zikwizikwi zapitazo. Otchedwa kuika pamodzi nthambi wakuda ndi zipika - chopinga kuwoloka kuti oyenda ndi apakavalo kalelo, wakale. Kubwera kwa mfuti ndipo mifuti anapanga zosafunika ndi kumanga, ndipo mawu enieniwo. asilikali Old Russian anatulukira njira yatsopano ndi ogwira za chitetezo ndi kuukira, ndi "mano chinjoka ndi" anali adzipereke kwa zidutswa.

A zaka chikwi, pa chiyambi cha Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo, mano chinjoka kalero akale. Tsopano iwo inamangidwa ndi ikuthandizira midadada, mitengo ndi zinyalala. machenjerero oterewa ankafuna kuletsa pasadakhale akasinja mdani ndi kusokoneza kuukira kwa asilikali mdani. Nkhondo stockade anawachotsa, koma mawu akhala. Tsopano izo zimapezeka mu ntchito zambiri mabuku a usilikali, mu nkhani okha, mu nkhani komanso mabuku za nkhondo.

Back mu chinenero chamakono ndi mawu akuti "woyang'anira." Komabe, nkhani yake si pafupifupi monga amunamuna ngati ndi mawu a m'mbuyomu. Azisewera pagolo poyamba anaitanidwa odzichepetsa mlonda Chimonko, amene geti m'mawa mchitidwe ndi akachisi, kutseka iwo ndi dzuwa litalowa ndi poopa mgugu amuna. Goalkeepers kuti pafupifupi mbisoweka pa moyo wathu, koma kuti ina. Kukula kwa masewera losonkhanitsidwa bwino kwa magulu athu mu umodzi ndi mpira mpikisano zinachititsa kuti zikamera cha "azisewera pagolo" - othamanga akusunga chipata cha gulu lake kwa adani mdani wake. Ndipo mawu si ambiri, komanso kuvala masamba onse a lachilendo "azisewera pagolo".

Akale "ndege"

Kodi mukuganiza, ngati pa nthawi ya Peter Wamkulu ankadziwika mawu "ndege"? Osati monga chinthu maphwando a ukuuluka (zouluka pamphasa), ndi zomangamanga kapangidwe chenicheni? Iwo likukhalira kuti ndege m'masiku amenewo ankatchedwa kudziletsa injini mabwato, kulola zonyamula kuwoloka mtsinje convoys yaitali zida ndi chakudya. Kenako, mawu wadutsa mu jargon apadera kwambiri ndipo anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu ntchito kuluka.

A nkhani zofanana ndi zimenezi zinachitika ndi mawu akuti "njinga". Likukhalira icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu utumiki mu akale Russia - mu Muscovy. Kuyambira pamenepo tapita othamanga-othamanga. Njinga labambo akhoza likumasuliridwa kuti "zombo-footed" ndipo "anali njinga." Choncho, njinga, ndi ndege komanso ndi zifukwa zabwino akhoza zimachitika akale, zaka Russian anati. Mosiyana lovitvy, mawu awa atakumanapo ndi makhalidwe awo kukhala okhudzidwa zamakono Komabe, kwathunthu kusintha kumasulira kwake.

makombo a m'mbuyomu

zipilala Modabwitsa ntchito kale anayamba, oddly chokwanira, ambiri a zinenero zina zambiri masiku ano. mawu Drevnerusskie zitsanzo za omwe sapezeka mawonekedwe koyamba, imakula bwino amodzi boma wosasintha. Mwachitsanzo, mawu onse bwino monga "zoipa", "zabwino zonse." Si yovuta kumvetsa, ndi ena ofanana mfundo izi - "mwa Ngakhale", "mwachisawawa". Zakhala particles bwino ndi losavuta wa kulankhula.

Pali mawu ena anapanga mfundo zofanana. Mwachitsanzo, "mopupuluma". "Diagonally", "askew." Koma "diagonally", "Bekrenev" kapena "mofulumira" - ndi mawu achikale. Old Russia, choyambirira cha makhalidwe awo - mutu olemba mabuku otanthauzira ndi akatswiri a zinenero.

zotsatira

Monga mukuonera, mawu wakale Russian ndi matanthauzo ake atsala munda lonse kafukufuku. Ambiri a iwo akanakhoza kumvetsa. Ndipo tsopano, misonkhano m'mabuku akale a mawu "vevelyay", "vedentsy" kapena "akuda," tikhoza kufufuza otanthauzira ya makhalidwe abwino. Koma ambiri a iwo akuyembekezerabe kufukulidwa. Only ntchito mumzindawo ndi mawu wakale ifotokoza mfundo zawo ndiponso zathu chinenero chamakono Russian.