Simenti ndi m'mene kutsindika mawu ndi chiyani?

Lero N'zovuta kulingalira zomangamanga, omwe sayenera simenti. Izo ntchito kwathunthu mu magawo onse a zomangamanga ndi yokongola mkati mwa dongosolo lililonse. Ngakhale sayansi yapita patsogolo, iwo siinapezekebe zinthu zimene posonyeza kuposa simenti. M'nkhaniyi tiona zambiri kuti ndi simenti. Ndipotu anthu ambiri sadziwa chimene chimaoneka ndi kumene applicable, koma ndiribe lingaliro chomwe chinapangitsa ufa izi imvi, amene ikamauma pamene youma. Komanso ife kuthana ndi funso la m'mene ka mu simenti mawu.

nkhani

Musanayambe adzaone zomwe ndi simenti, kuyang'ana pa mbiriyakale. Nkhanizi amadziwika kuti anthu kuyambira nthawi yakale, koma kutsegula izo, anthu Anamanga. Kulumikiza mwala midadada ntchito laimu, gypsum, dongo ndipo ngakhale dzira azungu. Nsalu pang'onopang'ono oumitsidwa ndi sanali odalirika okwanira. Ndiye omanga anayamba kusakaniza zosakaniza: laimu anawonjezera kuti dongo, mwala wosweka ndi phulusa la chiphala chamoto. Mothandizana ndi madzi, kusakaniza choti anthu a mtima. Icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu Roma.

Mu Middle Ages, omanga amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu osakaniza ndi laimu matope. Koma osakaniza anayamba chisanadze kuphika. Ichi chinali simenti choyamba. Mawu amene anawamasulira ku Latin zikutanthauza ndi "mtima wosweka mwala". Ndipotu, chifukwa osakaniza mazira ndi ovuta kwenikweni ngati thanthwe. Kukhoza ka mu simenti mawu aikidwa pa kalata yachiwiri "E", ndi china chirichonse. Zatsopano ndi nkhaniyi inatenga nthawi yaitali. Motero, m'zaka za m'ma 19, chiwerengero yabwino zigawo anapezeka, kulola kuti kudalirika pazipita. Komanso anaika akadakwanitsira calcination kutentha miyala ya laimu ndi dongo, imene laimu oxides pawiri analandira ndi cholimba kwambiri. Zinali madigiri 1450. Popeza simenti ndi mwamphamvu kwambiri anagwirizana zomangamanga.

ndi simenti zimene: zikuchokera

Modern simenti chibanthu ndi ufa, zimene ziyenera analowa fillers ndi omanga. Mu mawonekedwe youma, ndi yunifolomu granular misa imvi. Pamene madzi anawonjezera pastopodobny analandira cementitious zikuchokera amene bwino ntchito pamalo akhakula. Pambuyo kuchiritsa osakaniza analandira mpaka kalekale pawiri kuti angayerekezedwe ndi kolimba ndi mwala. N'chifukwa chake mwala yokumba anapangidwa kuchokera simenti izo.

Tsopano tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane za zikuchokera simenti lapansi. Nthawi zambiri kuti dongo ndi laimu ndi usavutike kutentha 1450 madigiri, kusintha kapangidwe awo. The granules chifukwa anapanga chibanthu. Iwo kuwonjezera gypsum ndi umapezeka osakaniza ndi mkhalidwe ufulu madzi. Kwa zasayansi, yomalizidwa simenti zikuchokera ndi izi: 67% CaO (kashiamu okusayidi); 22% SiO ₂ (pakachitsulo woipa); 5% Al ₂ O ₃ (zotayidwa okusayidi); 3% Fe ₂ O ₃ (chitsulo okusayidi); ndi 3% zinthu m'munsili. Simenti kupanga ndi zovuta ndi nthawi yambiri ndondomeko chimene chimafuna zipangizo zina zapadera ndi mwambo wa zinthu zenizeni ndondomeko.

chizindikiro

Ife tikudziwa kale zimene simenti ndi momwe mutsindika mawu a simenti, tsopano bwino makhalidwe chachikulu cha nkhaniyi mozizwitsa. Khalidwe waukulu wa mankhwala ndi mtundu wake. Iwo amaimira kalata "M", ndi kanjedza kake. chithunzi limasonyeza katundu pazipita (mu makilogalamu), amene angathe kupirira 1 cm ² simenti. Mu mawu osavuta, zikutanthauza kulemera kwa simenti amene angathe kupirira popanda kuswa. Mwachitsanzo, ngati thupi ndi 400 makilogalamu, nkhani walandira chizindikiro M400. Tiyeni tione waukulu mtundu wa simenti.

M400. Malinga, monga mphamvu ya simenti ndi 400 makilogalamu / masentimita ^2. Ichi ndi ambiri ndi ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana mtundu. Izo ntchito ku mitundu yonse ya zomangamanga ndi ntchito kumaliza. Zimenezi zingakhale: yomanga nyumba, kumanga monolithic, slabs konkire ndi midadada komanso kupanga makwerero, mphete simenti, ndi mapulogalamu ena.

M500. simenti uyu ali mphamvu ya makilogalamu 500 / masentimita ^2. Iwo amakhala ndi solidification mofulumira ndi mphamvu yapamwamba. chilemba ichi ntchito yomanga monolithic nyumba wamtali, kupanga mamembala kubala ndi ntchito zina zofuna apamwamba mphamvu durability.

simenti mphamvu Compressive amatchedwanso ntchito. Pamaziko a miyeso yake, nkhani yanu ndi chizindikiro chogwirizana. ntchito simenti zimadalira: mphamvu ya granules wa chibanthu, mlingo wa umapezeka ndi kukhalapo zina.

Mitundu zina ndi

simenti, imene m'pamene zimachitika Kodi, ife tikudziwa kale, koma ngati komabe zimagawidwa? Komanso sukulu, kupanga komanso ogaŵikana mitundu, iliyonse ili kusiyana ndi osakaniza chapadera cha zigawo zosiyana (zina). Mwachitsanzo: kusala reader, sulphate, backfill ndi zina zotero. Mtundu uliwonse lakonzedwa kuti ntchito yeniyeni. Mwachitsanzo, kumangira dziwe siyabwino simenti, imene mumagona njerwa.

The zikuchokera zina anasonyeza pa ma CD pamodzi ndi mtunduwu. Iwo amaimira kalata "D" kenako kuchuluka zina. Mwachitsanzo, ngati phukusi kwalembedwa, "D10" njira, mu mawonekedwe a simenti munali 10% zina. Ndiye pali zizindikiro kuti akuyimira katundu zina izi. Potsilizira pake simenti chodetsa maonekedwe monga chonchi: "M400D10PTS". Pankhaniyi, "PC" amatanthauza wamba Portland simenti. Taganizirani zimene makhalidwe ena anachititsa simenti khalidwe.

kachulukidwe

The kachulukidwe wotsikitsitsa zimawonedwa mu mwatsopano anakonza simenti. particles payekha amawateteza wina pansi zochita za mphamvu electrostatic. Pa mayendedwe ndi kusunga mphamvu zimenezi kuunikako, nkhaniyo ili ting'onoting'ono basi ndi caking. Pa kachulukidwe nawonso amakhudza mlingo wa akupera chibanthu. Mu anapezazo, ndi osalimba pafupifupi kwa nkhani anafotokozedwa kuti ndi wofanana 1300 makilogalamu / mamita ^3. Komabe zochita, chithunzi ichi zimadalira zikhalidwe za kusungiramo simenti.

Kulemera yeniyeni ndi volumetric

Share (kuchita yomanga) - Ndipotu, osalimba chomwecho. Mfundo imeneyi ntchito kubala grout kufanana zolondola. Malinga ndi mkhalidwe wa osakaniza, chiwerengero zingasiyane. simenti ufa watsopano ali osalimba ndi pafupifupi 1000 makilogalamu / mamita ³ ndi osalimba a inatha angafikire 1500 makilogalamu / mamita ^3.

Volumetric kulemera - wina mfundo zofanana osalimba. Izo ntchito kuwerengera mmene simenti kuti ku kilogalamu imodzi. Mwachitsanzo, mu thumba la makilogalamu 50, munali 0,04 mita kiyubiki zakuthupi, ngati osalimba ndi 1300 makilogalamu / mamita ^3.

moyo alumali

Ngakhale kuti simenti ndi zinthu zochita kupanga, ali ndi alumali moyo wa chimango bwino. M'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, anthu omwe sanali hermetic ma CD simenti awasungira kwa miyezi 2 okha. Ngati mwaika mu phukusi womata, n'zotheka kuwonjezera muyeso izi kwa chaka. Kumene, simenti akale angagwiritsidwe ntchito, koma tingachidziwe mphamvu salinso chimodzimodzi.

The apamwamba kalasi la simenti, liwiro amalakatika katundu wake. Mwachitsanzo, kalasi zinthu M500, pambuyo yosungirako mwezi wa zinthu chinyezi, adzakhala ndi katundu yang'anirani M400, ndi zina zotero.

matumba simenti ziyenera kusungidwa mu phukusi zolimba cellophane, kutalika kwa osachepera 0,3 mamita kuchokera pansi. The matumba wapadera chuma kusungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali mu mawonekedwe lotayirira.

atakhala nthawi

Sanakonzekere waika njira ndi ikamauma patangotha maola ochepa. M'chaka, oipa zonse simenti amatenga maola 2-3 chabe, ndiponso m'nyengo yozizira nthawi yaitali. Pa ziro kutentha, pangatenge maola 20 kuti solidification wa njira. Mofulumira kapena kusokoneza ndondomeko ya oipa, mu njira umayamba zina zapadera.

fineness

The apamwamba mlingo wa particles onongani, liwiro adzakhala oipa njira, ndi zambiri molondola ukhala m'tsogolo. Fineness zimadalira khalidwe ndi maonekedwe a makonzedwe ntchito zomera simenti. The momwe akadakwanitsira tinthu kukula kwa 40-80 microns imatengedwa.

mphamvu kalasi

The zolimbana zolembedwa ngati akuti "mtundu simenti" lidzasinthidwa "mphamvu kalasi". mayesero mfundo mogwirizana ndi mphamvu yake kwa kagulu makamaka imene fakitale Laboratories wathu. Likugwiritsa ntchito mwapang'onopang'ono luso zipangizo ndi njira kusanthula.

Mu zasayansi anayeza fineness, kachulukidwe wa amadzimadzi njira ndi simenti atakhala nthawi. The anaumitsa zitsanzo kanjira komanso kudziwa mphamvu flexural ndi psinjika.

chitsimikizo

Chitsimikizo chitachitidwa patsogolo simenti monga GOST 10178085, 30515 97. Koma posachedwapa, ambiri makampani akuluakulu kale kugwiritsa GOST 31108-2003, omwe anavomerezedwa mu 2004. Chikalatachi alembedwa amafuna kuyeza kwambiri ndi khalidwe la simenti ndi muyezo mayeso ake. Malamulo amenewa ndi zogwirizana ndi mfundo khalidwe European.

Simenti ndi Konkire

Taganizirani vuto lina lomwe limapezeka nthawi zonse pamene cholakwika mawu kupanikizika simenti. Kuitana zinthu ife tadutsa kale asanaganize, nanga kumasiyana ndi konkire? Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti ndi zofanana. Mu Kunena zoona ayi. Otchedwa konkire Unalimbitsa grout. Amakhala ndi simenti, fillers ndi madzi. The filler mchenga ntchito nthawi zambiri. Nthawi zina amagwiritsidwanso ntchito: mchenga, miyala, slag, kukodzedwa dongo ndi zina zotero. Mpaka solidification, ndi slurry simenti ndi osakaniza makina. Pofuna kuti chisokonezo ndi mayesero kuonera inu kwa ogulitsa masitolo nyumba, kumbukirani zimene kutsindika pa simenti mawu molondola zimene nkhaniyi ndi osiyana ndi konkire.

Pomaliza

Choncho, tiyenera kumvetsa zimene simenti. Mtengo wa nkhaniyi yomanga ano n'zovuta Musaone. Komabe, anthu ambiri amene ali kutali ndi ntchito imeneyi alibe lingaliro la zimene zimapanga nkhani zothandiza, ndi kufiira pamene ana awo kuwafunsa za izo. Tsopano, ife tikudziwa, kodi ndi simenti ndi momwe mutsindika mu simenti mawu.